The purpose of this study is to build up the foundation to prepare the effective nursing intervention devices for the seriously ill patient's families nursing through the nurse understanding of the experiences of the seriously ill patient's families in the field by setting up grounded theory. In this study, the subjects is the 6 families members of ICU patients, who were being cared in university hospital and the data were collected from 4.15 to 5, 1996 by the recordings and transcring the interview. The intervention lasted from 2 hours to 2 and a half hours. The data were analyzed in the framework of grounded theory as mapped out by Strauss & Corbin. The core category in the analysis of the experiences of the families of the seriously ill patients was the process of setting the "distress". In the process of datas analysis, the categories were 19 conceptions-'serious', 'bad', 'fear', 'press', 'hearburn', 'impatient', 'insufficient', 'change of patients' status', 'economic ability', 'family relationship', 'whilled power', 'request', 'direct caring', 'passive effort', 'control', 'receive', 'tired', 'blame'. These categories were again grouped into 12 categories, including 'exigency', 'overwhelming', 'worry', 'change of status', 'economic ability', 'relationship', 'caring will' 'active caring', 'passive response', 'accept', 'exhaustion', 'blame'. In the above mentioned categories, 'overwhelming' and 'worry' were categorized into the "distress!". On the basis of the patterns that have emerged on process of data analysis, the five below were confirmed. (1) When the patient's status is worse and economic ability is bad and the family relation to the patient is close and the distress is expressed with active caring willness is strong, the distress is expressed with active caring and brings about accept and blame. (2) When the family relation to the patient is distant and the distress decrease and the subject's caring willness is weak, the distress is expressed with passive response and brings about accept and exhaustion in spite of the patient's status is worse and bad economic ability. (3) When the patient's status is worse and economic ability is bad and the family relation to the patient is close and the distress increase, the subject's caring willness is strong, the distress is subject's caring willness is strong, the distress is expressed with passive response and brings about accept and exhaustion. (4) When the patient's status is improve and economic ability is good and the distress decrease and the subject's caring willing is strong, the distress is expressed with active caring and brings about accept and blame in spite of the family relation to the patient is close. (5) When the patient's status is improve and economic ability is bad and the family relation to the patient is close and the distress increase, the subject's caring willness is strong, the distress is expressed with active caring and brings about accept and blame.
Family Relations ; Humans ; Nursing ; Statistics as Topic

Nowadays administration of bone marrow transplantation is increasing state by developing society and high leukemia incidence. Decrease of relapse and infection rate result from chemo therapy drug development of treatment and strength. So we look for continuos development of treatment. But through before and after BMT, it takes several months by planing and HLA typing matching possibility of BMT. Also, it takes one or two month by duration of BMT and discharge. During BMT, patients experience emotional change-suggering, anxiety, depression and so on-due to changed body image and strictly isolation in special facility. After BMT, the patients also experience stress such as conditions self-care, support from family, concern of relapse risk and so far enlarge mental, economic and physical change surrounding them due to high cost. Accordingly nurses are required high quality of nursing attentive assesment, understanding of patient's environment and consideration, and teaching in administrative work. The study is attempted to establish nursing theory patients' experience in BMT treatment. Research method followed grounded theory methodology by strauss & Corbin. Subjects were 1 adolescent including highschool patient and 6 adults. This study continued from February 1996 through August 1996. All of these subjects were interviewed by this author. Interview were done by long interview technique and observation. Each interview took 1 hour to 2 hours Content of interview was recorded and transcribed later. The data thus collected were analyzed immediately after interviews and fed into the next round of interviews until the data collection reaches the saturation point. In the process of data analysis, "Terribleness" or "Miserableness" was found to be the core phenomenon. Results were composed to 103 concepts. These concepts were grouped into twenty four categories, and then to eleven categories. Categories include "physical burden", "economic burden", "mental distressing", "heartbreaking", "being gloomy", "horror", "being crushed", "feel oppressed", "being exhausted", "family dependent", "support", "previous data for procedure", "inclination", "exploding", "sharing", "mitigation", "bracing oneself", "becoming attached", "dependence", "thanks", "anxiety", and "abandonment". Patients with bone marrow transplantation were revealed to face "terribleness". Terribleness is found to be progressed through the cycle production-coping-solution. Fourteen hypotheses were derived from the integration of categories as follows ; (1) The stronger the term of suffering as perceived by the subjects, the stronger the "terribleness" will be. (2) The more excessive the degree of suffering as perceived by the subjects, the more excessive the "terribleness" will be. (3) If subjects have family dependent "terribleness" is expressed with abusement. (4) If subjects have no family dependent, "terribleness" will be expressed with exposure and suppressing. (5) The more abundant the sufficient support, "terribleness" will be expressed with exposure and suppressing. (6) The less abundant the sufficient support, "terribleness" will be expressed with abusement. (7) The more abundant the previous data, "terribleness" will be expressed with exposure and suppressing. (8) The less abundant the pervious data, "terribleness" will be expressed with abusement. (9) The more introvert the subject's inclination, "terribleness" will be expressed with exposure and suppressing. (10) The more extrovert the subject's inclination, "terribleness" will be expressed with abusement. (11) The more excessive the degree of "terribleness" will be expressed with abusement. (12) The less excessive the degree of "terribleness" it will be expressed with exposure and suppressing. (13) The more expressive the abusment, "terribleness" will be solved despair. (14) The more expressive the exposure and suppressing, "terribleness" will be solved with expectation. On the basis of the patterns that have the four these below were confirmed. 1. If patients felt large amount of terribleness because of severe suffering, they had family dependent. insufficient support, no previous data and their inclination was extrovert, "terribleness" is solved despair with abusement. 2. If patients felt large amount of terrible because of severe suffering family dependent, sufficient support, pervious data, and their inclination was introvert, "terribleness" is solved expectation with suppressing and exposure. 3. If patients felt small amount of terribleness because of little suffering, no family dependent, insufficient support, no previous data, and their inclination was extrovert, "terribleness" is solved despair with abusement. 4. If patients felt small amount of terribleness because of little suffering, no family dependent, sufficient support, previous data, and their inclination was introvert, "terribleness" is solved expectation with exposure and suppressing. On the basis of the above result, in orer to help nurses take good care of their patient, and understands patient's inclination and background, nursing assessment and intervention on life readjustment, and getting support should be required. It is expected that theoretical framework provided by this study, which shows how "terribleness" products, changes, increases and decrease. Therefore public relations, education, counseling emotional support, understanding inclination and exchange of information will have to be accomplished.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Anxiety ; Body Image ; Bone Marrow Transplantation* ; Bone Marrow* ; Counseling ; Depression ; Education ; Equidae ; Histocompatibility Testing ; Humans ; Incidence ; Leukemia ; Nursing ; Nursing Assessment ; Nursing Theory ; Public Relations ; Recurrence ; Self Care ; Statistics as Topic ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The uptake of glucose for metabolism and growth is essential to most animal cells and is mediated by glucose-transporter (GLUT) proteins. The aim of this study was to determine which class of glucose transporter molecules was responsible for uptake of glucose in the mouse early embryo and at which stage the corresponding genes were expressed. In addition, co-culture system with vero cell was used to investigate the effect of the system on GLUT expression. Two-cell stage embryos were collected from the superovulated ICR female and divided into 3 groups. As a control, embryos were cultured in 0.4% BSA-T6 medium which includes glucose. For the experimental groups, embryos were cultured in either co-culture system with vero cells or glucose-free 76 medium supplemented with 0.4% BSA and pyruvate as an energy substrate. 2-cell to blastocyst stage embryos in those groups were respectively collected into microtubes (50 embryos/tube). Total RNA was extracted and RT-PCR was performed. The products were analysed after staining ethidium bromide by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Blastocysts were collected from each group at 120hr after hCG injection. They were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, stained with hoechst, and mounted for observation. In control, GLUT1 was expressed from 4-cell to blastocyst. GLUT2 and GLUT3 were expressed in morula and blastocyst. GLUT4 was expressed in all stages. When embryos were cultured in glucose-free medium, no significant difference was shown in the expression of GLUTI1, 2 and 3, compared to control. However GLUT4 was not expressed until morular stage. When embryos were co-cultured with vero cell, there was no significant difference in the expression of GLUT1, 2, 3 and 4 compared to control. To determine cell growth of embryos, the average cell number of blastocyst was counted. The cell number of co-culture (93.8+/-3.1, n=35) is significantly higher than that of control and glucose-free group (76.6 +/- 3.8, n=35 and 68.2+/-4.3, n=30). This study shows that the GLUT genes are expressed differently according to embryo stage. GLUTs were detectable throughout mouse preimplantation development in control and co-culture groups. However, GLUT4 was not detected from 2- to 8-cell stage but detected from morula stage in glucose-free medium, suggested that GLUT genes are expressed autocrinally in the embryo regardless of the presence of glucose as an energy substrate. In addition, co-culture system can increase the cell count of blastocyst but not improve the expression of GLUT. In conclusion, expression of GLUT is dependent on embryo stage in preimplantation embryo development.
Animals ; Blastocyst ; Cell Count ; Coculture Techniques ; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel ; Embryonic Development ; Embryonic Structures* ; Ethidium ; Female ; Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative* ; Glucose* ; Glutaral ; Humans ; Metabolism ; Mice* ; Morula ; Pregnancy ; Pyruvic Acid ; RNA ; Vero Cells

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the relationship between sexual permissiveness, family function and parent-adolescent communication among adolescents. METHOD: A descriptive correlation approach was used and the participants were 956 male and female students. Data were collected by questionnaire survey using convenience sampling. The instruments were the Family APGAR Questionnaire by Smilkstein(1978), PAC by Olson and Barnes(1982), and the Premarital Sexual Permissiveness Questionnaire by Reiss(1967). Data were analyzed using the SPSS 10.0 program with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, t-test, and ANOVA. RESULTS: Family function was significant according to school record, economic status, living arrangement of parent. Parent-Adolescent Communication was significant according to religion, economic status, having a boy/girl friend, and experience of sexual intercourse. Sexual permissiveness was significant for all except economic status. Correlation among the variables showed that parent-adolescent communication was negatively correlated to sexual permissiveness(r=-.127, p=.000) and positively to family function(r=.368, p=.000). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that parent-adolescent communication and family function are associated with sexual permissiveness, and the findings of this study are expected to make a contribution to creating an ideal sexual culture for youth.
Adolescent* ; Coitus ; Female ; Friends ; Humans ; Male ; Parents ; Permissiveness* ; Residence Characteristics ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The subjects of this study were 100 elderly people who were over 60 years of age and had chronic pain. The study examined the matter of quality of life and self-efficacy of elderly patients with chronic pain including the influence of related factors on these variables. Also, by examining their relation, it provides basic data for the development of efficient nursing interventions for the elderly patients with chronic pain. The tools were the general self-efficacy scale by Sherer & Maddux(1982) and a specific self-efficacy Scale(Lorig et al, 1989) modified to better suit the subjects of this study. The quality of life scale by You-Ja Ro(1988) modified to better suit the subjects of this study was used. The data were collected from August to October 1999. Four researchers and two research assistants developed a data collection protocol subjected to a pilot study for confirmation of validity. In this study, the research assistants read the questionaire to the subjects and recorded the responses themselves. The interviews lasted 40-50 minutes on an average. The data thus collected were analyzed in terms of t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, using the SAS PC program. The major findings are as follows: 1) For self-efficacy it was found that males had higher self-efficacy than females for specific self-efficacy. But for general efficacy, males and females showed similar results. The the quality of life was found to be higher for males than females. 2) A positive correlation was identified between the specific self-efficacy, general self-efficacy and quality of life. 3) The general characteristics affecting the self-efficacy of elderly patients with chronic pain were employment, age, level of education, spouse, economic status and income. Self-efficacy was higher among those who were employed, aged between 66-70, well-educated, married and rich or having their own income. 4) The general characteristics affecting the quality of life of elderly patients with chronic pain were lodging with children, religion, level of education and economic status. The quality of life was higher among those who lived with their children and were Buddhists, were well-educated and rich.
Aged* ; Child ; Chronic Pain* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Employment ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nursing ; Pilot Projects ; Quality of Life* ; Spouses

PURPOSE: This study was designed to identify the variables affecting male adolescents' sexual intercourse through a comprehensive analysis of individual and environmental factors. METHOD: The subjects of this descriptive survey on causal relations were 462 subjects enrolled in liberal and vocational high schools selected on a convenience sampling basis. The data collected from May-July 2002 was put to logistic regression analysis to build a forecast model. Findings: 1) Individual factors such as school record, experience seeking, non-inhibition and sexual permissiveness, 2) family factors such as parental living arrangement, 3) school factorssuch as career tract and 4) peer factors such as having a boy/girl friend were identified as significant variables forecasting sexual intercourse. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: The theoretical model built on the basis of the major findings of this study will hopefully help promote a wholesome youth culture related to sexual intercourse.It is recommended that a program be developed that can help control the variables identified in this study along with a follow-up study to verify the model.
Adolescent ; *Adolescent Behavior ; *Coitus ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors

Paranasal sinus CT is known as the most effective imaging modality in the evaluation of inflammatory sinonasal diseases and can depict the distribution, causative lesions obstructing main drainge route, and associated findings. Recently, functional endoscopic sinus surgery has been widely used for the evaluation and treatment. Before operation, PNS CT has been routinely used to evaluate the paranasal sinuses and mucociliary drainage route. The authors analyzed the PNS CT findings of 3156 cases in 1578 patients with chronic sinusitis symptoms. Sinonasal inflammatory diseases were categorized into 5 patterns according to the obstruction sites. They were 1) infundibular (10%, 316/3156), 2) ostimeatal unit (41%, 1294/3156), 3) sphenoethmoidal recess (12%, 379/3156), 4) sinonasal polyposis (30%, 946/3156) , and 5) unclassifiable (6%, 190/3156) patterns. The main causes for infundibular obstruction in order of frequency were inflammatory mucosa, enlarged ethmoidal bulla and Haller's cell. With respect to the middle meatus obstruction, is main causes in the order of frequency were polypoid lesion, inflammatory mucosa and medially deviated uncinate process. In particular, sinonasal polyposis showed one or more of the characteristic associated findings of infundibular enlargement, air-fluid level, ethmoidal sinus was bulging and bony deossification or sclerosis as well as sinonasal polypoid change. In conclusion, the inflammatory sinonasal diseases were classified into five patterns, and the causative lesions or anatomic variations were efficiently detected by the PNS CT. Furthermore, it could provide a guidance for proper management of the sinusitis including functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
Drainage ; Humans ; Mucous Membrane ; Paranasal Sinuses ; Sclerosis ; Sinusitis

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop and measure the effect of a movie-based-nursing intervention program designed to enhance motivation for rehabilitation and reduce depression levels in stroke patients. METHODS: The study used a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent control group and a pretest-posttest design. The 60 research subjects were assigned to the experimental (n=30) or control group (n=30). The movie-based nursing intervention program was provided for the experimental group during 60-minute sessions held once per week for 10 weeks. The program consisted of patient education to strengthen motivation for rehabilitation and reduce depression, watching movies to identify role models, and group discussion to facilitate therapeutic interaction. RESULTS: After 10 weeks of participation in the movie-based nursing intervention program, the experimental group's rehabilitation motivation score was significantly higher, F=1161.54 (within groups df=49, between groups df=1), p<.001, relative to that observed in the control group. In addition, the experimental group's depression score was significantly lower relative to that observed in the control group, F=258.97 (within groups df=49, between groups df=1), p<.001. CONCLUSION: The movie-based nursing intervention program could be used for stroke patients experiencing psychological difficulties including reduced motivation for rehabilitation and increased depression during the rehabilitation process.
Depression* ; Humans ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Motivation* ; Nursing* ; Patient Education as Topic ; Program Development ; Rehabilitation* ; Research Subjects ; Stroke*

Gestational trophoblastic tumors including choriocarcinoma bave become one of the most curable human malignancies with an overall cure rate exceeding 90%. Although systemic chemotherapy is the initial treatment for chorio- carcinoma, some patients with chemotherapy-resistant choriocarcinorna can be treated by integration of cbemotherapy, surgery and radio- therapy. We report two cases of persistent localized choriocarcinoma which was treated by surgical intervention.
Choriocarcinoma* ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pregnancy ; Trophoblastic Neoplasms

Background: Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory disorder that affects the skin of the central face. Anxiety sensitivity (AS) refers to the fear of sensations and symptoms arising from an expected experience of anxiety. High AS can cause anxiety disorders. Several studies have evaluated depression in patients with rosacea; however, AS has not yet been investigated. Objective: We aimed to investigate AS, depression, and quality of life in patients with rosacea. Methods: Eighty-five patients with rosacea and 85 controls (aged＞18 years) were enrolled in the study. The severity of rosacea was evaluated according to the standard guidelines of the National Rosacea Society. Patients with rosacea and controls were asked to complete the Korean version of the anxiety sensitivity index-revised (ASI-R), beck depression inventory (BDI), and dermatology life quality index (DLQI). Results: The ASI, BDI, and DLQI scores were significantly higher in patients with rosacea than in controls (p＜ 0.001). In particular, the cardiovascular subscale of the ASI was significantly increased in patients with rosacea. The ASI and BDI scores were significantly correlated. DLQI scores were weakly correlated with ASI compared with BDI scores in patients with rosacea. Conclusion Our study is the first to report that AS is elevated in patients with rosacea. It is necessary to consider the anxiety-related symptoms of patients with rosacea, as they may benefit from psychological intervention to alleviate distress.