The purpose of this study was the improvement and modification of the HACCP verification checklist in school foodservices. For this, the HACCP verification checklist was modified on the basis of an existing school foodservice format. The modified checklist was composed of 28 items, including CCPs (critical control points), microbial test, and other components of the HACCP system than CCPs. To confirm the suitability of the modified checklist, comparisons were made based on the microbiological quality of cooked foods, utensils, and number of aerial microbes in the working area. In this study, the applicability of the modified checklist was determined by focusing on cooked squid with seasoned fresh vegetables (Ojingeochaesomoochim). The following results were obtained from 14 schools in Changwon. The checklist scores for maintaining hot foods over 60degrees C or serving within 2 hours, microbial tests of drinking water, food contact surfaces and cooking utensils, monitoring tools, and usage of suitable sanitizers were 2 points each (The possible highest score is 2 points). On the contrary, the checklist score for microbial test of cooked foods was the lowest of all the items. The correlation coefficient (r) between the improved checklist and microbiological quality of cooked foods was 0.699 (P<0.01), whereas that between the improved checklist and microbiological quality of cooking utensils was 0.612 (P<0.05). The correlation coefficient between the improved checklist and aerial plate count in the working area was -0.556 (P<0.05). Our results indicate the potential possibility of using the HACCP verification checklist in school foodservices.
Checklist ; Cooking and Eating Utensils ; Decapodiformes ; Drinking Water ; Humans ; Seasons ; Vegetables

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a action-learning based simulation practice program on nursing students' interpersonal communication competence and problem solving ability.METHOD: The action-learning based simulation practice program was developed by using the ADDIE mode. A single group pre-post test and time series design was used. Data was collected from senior in nursing university. 89 students participated in pretest group and 116 students participated in posttest group.RESULTS: Interpersonal communication competence and problem solving ability were significantly higher in posttest group than pretest group.CONCLUSION: Action-learning based simulation practice program is an effective teaching strategy to enhance communication competence and problem solving ability.
Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Humans ; Mental Competency ; Methods ; Nursing ; Problem Solving ; Students, Nursing

Malnutrition is a common problem in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (HD) and compromised food intake is an important cause. Malnutrition is one of the important factors influencing mortality in these patients. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition education at improving nutritional status of 23 Korean HD patients (mean : 48.6 +/- 10.4 years, men : 8, women : 15). Anthropometric indices, nutrient intakes, and biochemical blood indices were measured before and after a 6-month nutrition education intervention. Anthropometric indices such as percent ideal body weight [PIBW (%)], body fat, body mass index (BMI), mid-arm circumference (MAC), mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), and calculated arm muscle area (CAMA) of subjects were within the normal range and not changed by nutrition education. Subjective global assessment (SGA) was significantly increased (p<0.05) after nutrition education. Intake of total energy, carbohydrate, lipid, Ca, and vitamin B1 was increased significantly (p<0.05) but intake of phosphorus, potassium, and sodium was decreased (p<0.05). The serum concentrations of albumin, total protein, and Ca were significantly increased (p<0.05), but levels of P and K were decreased (p<0.05) after the intervention. These findings suggest that nutrition education for HD patients can be effective for positively changing nutrient intakes, leading to improvements in blood indices and nutritional status.
Adipose Tissue ; Arm ; Body Mass Index ; Eating ; Education* ; Female ; Humans ; Ideal Body Weight ; Male ; Malnutrition ; Mortality ; Nutritional Status* ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Reference Values ; Renal Dialysis* ; Sodium ; Thiamine

Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is generally used to identify highly degraded forensic samples, particularly when the extracted DNA is not sufficient for nuclear DNA analysis. However, direct sequencing, the most widely used mtDNA analysis method, is laborious and time-consuming, and precludes the simultaneous analysis of many samples. Here, we describe a rapid and simple screening method for mtDNA analysis in Koreans using single base extension (SBE) methods. Sixteen highly polymorphic mtDNA SNPs from the control region were selected, and a multiplex SBE system was constructed to analyze them. Because the developed system consists of two duplex PCRs, which produce small amplicons with fewer than 270 bp, it works well with highly degraded samples such as old skeletal remains. Using this multiplex SBE system, 145 different haplotypes were expected to be observed from 593 unrelated Koreans. Seventy-three haplotypes were expected to be observed only once, and the most frequent haplotype was expected to occur 80 times. Since the mean number of pairwise differences was estimated to be 4.55, the developed system could be useful to exclude samples that do not match evidence and reference samples. Therefore, the multiplex SBE system used in this study will be a useful tool to analyze many samples simultaneously and to efficiently screen out non-matching mtDNA sequences in forensic casework.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; DNA ; DNA, Mitochondrial* ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Mass Screening* ; Methods ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide*

PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to evaluate the possibility of giving student interns intern- level responsibilities and to discuss the various obstacles. METHODS: Modifications were made to the student internship program, including rotations through major departments, for 4th-year medical students and was conducted at the College of Medicine, Kangwon National University. We surveyed 49 students for the evaluation of the program, administered a checklist evaluation for their performance, and interviewed two focus groups of faculties and residents to find out the obstacles of the program. RESULTS: Most of the students answered that the program was satisfactory and necessary. Of the students, 71.4% performed as an acting intern. The mean score of the students' performance was 84.1. The students had the most difficulty with time management and making diagnostic and management decisions. Initially, at the start of the program, both students and residents were somewhat confused about the student interns' duties. They suggested that definite learning objectives, legal and institutional support to students' clinical practice, and announcements to patients and hospital staff should be put in place prior to the implementation of such a program. CONCLUSION: We discovered that it was possible for student interns to perform at the level of interns. We suggest that systemic improvements continue for the establishment of such student internship program.
Checklist ; Education, Medical ; Focus Groups ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Internship and Residency* ; Learning ; Students, Medical ; Time Management

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is mainly acquired in childhood. Although the majority of H. pylori-infected individual remain asymptomatic, it may cause some diseases including peptic ulcer disease, MALT lymphoma, subnormal growth, and iron deficiency anemia in children. H. pylori infection in children differs from that in adults in many aspects including clinical manifestations, pathologic features, diagnosis, and treatment. In this article, characteristic features of H. pylori infection in children were presented with special emphasis on different features from adult infection.decreased to 59.6% from 66.9% in the adult (16-79 yrs) over the period of 7 years, especially, in young subjects less than 50 years, Seoul and Gyeonggi suggesting that this decrease may be due to the improvement of socioeconomic status and hygiene.
Adult ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Gyeonggi-do ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone ; Peptic Ulcer ; Seoul ; Social Class

PURPOSE: This study purposes to examine the knowledge level and compliance of health behavior in patients with myocardial infarction to develope a cardiac rehabilitation program. METHOD: The subjects consisted of 72 patients with myocardial infarction, hospitalized at three university-affiliated hospitals. The data were collected by interviewing their subjects using a questionnaire and reviewing the medical records from September 15, 1999 to July 31, 2000. Data were analyzed using the SAS program for Windows version 6.12. RESULTS: 1. The average knowledge score of the patients was 19.7, and the average compliance score was 53.9. 2. Knowledge scores were highest in the items of avoiding overeating and taking medicine at prescribed dosage, and lowest in the item of when to avoid sexual activity. 3. Knowledge level were highest on domains of exercise & daily activities, and risk factors and followed by diet, medication, and nature of disease. 4. Those who had higher education, or were living with a spouse were significantly higher in knowledge score. 5. Compliance score was highest in the item of smoking cessation and lowest in the item of measuring heart rate regularly. 6. Compliance score was highest on domain of smoking cessation and followed by diet, exercise, others, and managing mental stress. 7. Female patients had significantly higher compliance scores of health behavior on domain of diet than male patients. 8. The knowledge score was positively correlated to compliance of health behaviors. CONCLUSION: According to the above findings, it can be concluded that intensive nursing care and education should be provided to the patients who have lower education or are living without a spouse. Also, nursing intervention should be developed to increase compliance of managing mental stress and doing regular exercise.
Compliance* ; Diet ; Education ; Female ; Health Behavior* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Male ; Medical Records ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Nursing ; Nursing Care ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rehabilitation ; Risk Factors ; Sexual Behavior ; Smoking Cessation ; Spouses

PURPOSE: This study was done to investigate compliance with health behaviors among patients who are hypertensive. METHOD: The participants in this study were 121 outpatients with hypertension. Compliance with health behaviors was measured using a questionnaire developed by the researchers. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test and chi-square test. RESULTS: According to the general characteristics of the participants, compliance with medication and diet was higher among women than men, among high school graduates than middle school graduates or those with lower academic qualifications, and among those who were unemployed compared to those who were employed. Compliance with alcohol abstinence or not smoking was higher among women than men, and among those who were unemployed compared to those who were employed. According to the risk factors of hypertension, compliance with health behaviors was significantly higher in those who had associated diseases. The participants in the group with a hypertension morbidity period longer than 10 years did exercise more than 3 times a week and regularly weighed themselves once or more a week. The item showing highest compliance concerning medication and diet was "Take prescribed drugs regularly", while the one showing lowest was "Take drugs with knowledge about their side effects".
Alcohol Abstinence ; Compliance* ; Diet ; Female ; Health Behavior* ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Male ; Outpatients ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the effects walking program with dance on gait, cognition, and risk of falls of elderly with dementia in a long-term care hospital. METHODS: Subjects consisted of 42 elderly with dementia in a long-term care hospital (21 elderly with dementia in an experimental group and 21 elders with dementia in a control group). Data were collected from March 14 to April 30, 2016. Subjects in the experimental group performed walking program with dance (three times a week, 30–50 minutes session, 18 sessions). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, independent t-test, paired t-test, repeated measures ANOVA with the SPSS/WIN 21.0. RESULTS: The participants in the experimental group showed significantly increased scores of cadence (F=8.36, p=.007) and improved scores of cognition (F=9.95, p=.003) compared the control group. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate walking program with dance is recommend a regular exercise program to enhance the cadence associated with walking speed and cognitive function elderly.
Accidental Falls ; Aged ; Cognition ; Dancing ; Dementia ; Gait ; Humans ; Long-Term Care ; Walking

PURPOSE: This study identifies research trends and provides fundamental data related to curative power of aromatherapy to relieve pain in Korea. METHODS: The study analyzed 44 experimental studies on humans that were published in Korea before the end of December, 2009. The key words used for searching were: aroma, aromatherapy, hyang-yobeob, hyanggi-yobeob, hyanggichilyo, aromatherapy and pain, headache, scapulodynia, omodynia, feeling uncomfortable in the perineal region, sense of pain, labor pains, arm pain, menstrual pain, aches, and dysmenorrheal. Those words were found on websites, including those for Korea Education & Research Information Service, the National Assembly Library, KISS, KoreaMed, and NDSL. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The results showed that most of essential oils to relieve pain is composed of three to four kinds of oils, including Lavender, Roman chamomile, Rosemary, and Clarysage. Aromatherapy is applied usually by means of massage (50%), inhalation (13.6%), or a combination of the above two (13.6%). Measuring instruments as a dependent variable include VAS, questionnaire, GRS, blood pressure, pulse, and Algometer. Aromatherapy plays an important role in soothing headaches and arthralgia. However, when it comes to labor and menstrual pain, it doesn't seem to be effective. CONCLUSION: The study found that different kinds of oil, frequencies, and periods of time are used for the same symptoms. Further research should employ standardized oil blending, application, duration, and measuring instruments, and more systematically analyze the effects of aromatherapy to establish the effects on relieving pain.
Arm ; Aromatherapy ; Arthralgia ; Blood Pressure ; Chamaemelum ; Dysmenorrhea ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Information Services ; Inhalation ; Korea ; Labor Pain ; Lavandula ; Massage ; Oils ; Oils, Volatile ; Pregnancy ; Surveys and Questionnaires