Angiogenesis is an essential requirement for development, progression, and metastasis of malignant tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the important angiogenic factors. Recently the role of angiogenesis has been known in premalignant lesions. This study was performed to determine whether the angiogenesis and VEGF expression were increased in association with histological grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and to see the relationship between the angiogenesis and VEGF. Immunostainings for factor VIII and VEGF were performed on 52 cases of cervical neoplasia (12 cases of CIN I, 11 cases of CIN II, 15 cases of CIN III, 7 cases of microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma, and 7 cases of invasive carcinoma) and 5 cases of normal cervix. The results showed a significant increase of microvessel count from normal cervix through CIN grades to invasive squamous cell cacinoma. VEGF expression was increased in proportion to the CIN grades. There was no significant correlation between microvessel count and VEGF expression. In conclusion, the tumor angiogenesis is an early event in tumorigenesis of uterine cervix. In addition, no significant relationship between the microvessel count and VEGF expression in CIN suggests the possibility of other growth factors affecting mainly angiogenesis of premalignant lesion of uterine cervix.
Angiogenesis Inducing Agents ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia* ; Cervix Uteri ; Factor VIII ; Female ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Microvessels ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A*

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to find the factors associated with becoming obese children during the past 2 years in 6th grade children of elementary school and then to evaluate the high risk groups for childhood obesity. METHODS: The 738 children from May to June, 2001 in 6th grade of 5 elementary schools in Busan were the subjects of this study. The children's height and weight in 4th grade and 6th grade were obtained from school health records. We calculated the body mass index in 4th and 6th grades and classified into 3 weight groups (normal, at risk for obesity, and obese) according to the age and sex-specific BMI established by the Korean Academy of Pediatrics. If children's weight group in 4th grade was changed to heavier weight group in 6th grade, we defined it as increased group. Otherwise, we defined it as non-increased group. The association between the increase in weight group and parental and children's characteristics were analyzed by x2-test, x2-test for the trend, t-test, ANOVA and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Among the total, 3.3% of children with normal weight and 16.9% of children at the risk for obesity in 4th grade were transformed to increased group in 6th grade, respectively (P<0.001). Children who had excessive appetite (P<0.001), watched TV greater than or equal to 2 hours per day (P=0.004) or had an obese father (P=0.044) were more likely to become increased group. After adjusting for father's obesity, appetite and TV watching time in children, the odds ratio of transforming to increased group after 2 years in children at risk for obesity or in obese child in 4th grade was 2.5 (95% CI: 1.09~5.55) compared to children with normal weight. Children having excessive appetite were 3.2 times (95% CI: 1.42~7.01) more likely to become the increased group after adjusting for father's obesity, TV watching time and weight in 4th grade. Children watching TV greater than or equal to 2 hours/day was 2.8 times (95% CI: 1.27~6.18) more likely to become increased group after adjusting for father's obesity, appetite and weight in 4th grade. CONCLUSION: The risk of becoming obese was higher in children at risk for obesity or obese children in those with excessive appetite or those who have watched TV> or =2 hours/day for the past two years. These findings suggest promotion of educational plan to prevent childhood obesity.
Appetite ; Body Mass Index ; Busan* ; Child* ; Fathers ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Obesity ; Odds Ratio ; Parents ; Pediatric Obesity ; Pediatrics ; Risk Factors ; School Health Services

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relevant clinical and radiographical findings for the diagnosis of an arteriovenous fistula after a lumbar discectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five patients with an arteriovenous fistula following a lumbar discectomy were preoperatively diagnosed and treated. We retrospectively evaluated the level of surgery, injured vessels, clinical symptoms, physical findings, and the interval between surgery and treatment. Effective and fast diagnostic methods for determining the presence of a postoperative arteriovenous fistula were evaluated. RESULTS: All of the arteriovenous fistulas resulted from operative injuries of the iliac arteries and veins. They were diagnosed after a mean time of 22 months (range 2 months-4 years) in spite of various symptoms and signs shortly after surgery. The arteriovenous fistulas were confirmed with angiography and were treated by surgery for 3 patients and by insertion of a stent-graft in 2 patients. Postoperative CT angiography showed the complete occlusion of the fistula tract and the normal blood flow. CONCLUSION: Essential clinical information and radiological examination, especially CT angiography with 3D reconstruction, is necessary to obtain to diagnose an arteriovenous fistula after a lumbar discectomy.
Angiography ; Arteriovenous Fistula* ; Diagnosis* ; Diskectomy* ; Fistula ; Humans ; Iliac Artery ; Retrospective Studies ; Veins

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the introduction of picture archiving and communication system(PACS) by identifying the change of the interpretation rates of radiologic examinations. METHODS: The data about total of 297,314 radiologic examinations done from June, 2001 to June 2002 was collected through medical record. December, 2001 which was the month of PACS introduction was excluded from the analysis for controlling the bias. Data concerning the time spent on interpretation, types of patients, clinical departments and types of radiologic examinations were collected. Chi-square test was performed to evaluate differences before and after introduction of PACS. RESULTS: 1. The interpretation rates of total radiologic examinations significantly increased after the introduction of PACS. The interpretation rate within 1 day increased 2.3 times higher after the introduction of PACS. 2. Both of the interpretation rates of radiologic examinations for outpatients and inpatients were significantly increased after the introduction of PACS. The interpretation rate within 1 day of radiologic examinations among outpatients increased 2.1 times higher and that among inpatients increased 3 times higher after the introducton of PACS. CONCLUSION: There was overall increase of interpretation rate suggesting the improvement of performance in department of radiology. This indicated that introduction of PACS brought about a positive impact on medical service quality through improving operational efficiency.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Medical Records ; Outpatients

Background: In pediatric patients, the common cold coronavirus (ccCoV) usually causes mild respiratory illness. There are reports of coronavirus causing central nervous system (CNS) infection in experimental animal models. Some immunocompromised patients have also been reported to have fatal CNS infections with ccCoV. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of CNS complications related to ccCoV infection. Methods: From January 2014 to December 2019, a retrospective analysis was performed of medical records from hospitalized patients under 19 years of age whose ccCoV was detected through polymerase chain reaction in respiratory specimens. The CNS complications were defined as clinically diagnosed seizure, meningitis, encephalopathy, and encephalitis. Results: A total of 436 samples from 420 patients were detected as ccCoV. Among the 420 patients, 269 patients were immunocompetent and 151 patients were immunocompromised.The most common type of ccCoV was OC43 (52% in immunocompetent, 37% in immunocompromised). CNS complications were observed in 9.4% (41/436). The most common type of CNS complication was the fever-provoked seizure under pre-existing neurologic disease (42% in immunocompetent and 60% in immunocompromised patients).Among patients with CNS complications, two immunocompetent patients required intensive care unit admission due to encephalitis. Three patients without underlying neurological disease started anti-seizure medications for the first time at this admission. There was no death related to ccCoV infection. Conclusion ccCoV infection may cause severe clinical manifestations such as CNS complications or neurologic sequelae, even in previously healthy children.

Background: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exerts cytotoxic effects on brain cells, especially on those belonging to the oligodendrocyte lineage, in preterm infants. The susceptibility of oligodendrocyte lineage cells to LPS-induced inflammation is dependent on the developmental stage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of LPS on oligodendrocyte lineage cells at different developmental stages in a microglial cell and oligodendrocyte coculture model. Methods: The primary cultures of oligodendrocytes and microglia cells were prepared from the forebrains of 2-day-old Sprague–Dawley rats. The oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) co-cultured with microglial cells were treated with 0 (control), 0.01, 0.1, and 1 µg/mL LPS at the D3 stage to determine the dose of LPS that impairs oligodendrocyte differentiation. The co-culture was treated with 0.01 µg/mL LPS, which was the lowest dose that did not impair oligodendrocyte differentiation, at the developmental stages D1 (early LPS group), D3 (late LPS group), or D1 and D3 (double LPS group). On day 7 of differentiation, oligodendrocytes were subjected to neural glial antigen 2 (NG2) and myelin basic protein (MBP) immunostaining to examine the number of OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes, respectively. Results: LPS dose-dependently decreased the proportion of mature oligodendrocytes (MBP+ cells) relative to the total number of cells. The number of MBP+ cells in the early LPS group was significantly lower than that in the late LPS group. Compared with those in the control group, the MBP+ cell numbers were significantly lower and the NG2+ cell numbers were significantly higher in the double LPS group, which exhibited impaired oligodendrocyte lineage cell development, on day 7 of differentiation. Conclusion Repetitive LPS stimulation during development significantly inhibited brain cell development by impairing oligodendrocyte differentiation. In contrast, brain cell development was not affected in the late LPS group. These findings suggest that inflammation at the early developmental stage of oligodendrocytes increases the susceptibility of the preterm brain to inflammation-induced injury.

A dermatophyte is a zoonotic infection that causes infection on the skin, hair, and nails and is transmitted through contact. The species of Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton are the major dermatophytes that infect humans. Tinea capitis is a dermatophyte infection in the scalp, and it may progress to Kerion celsi, including severe redness, swelling, and pus formation. Kerion celsi is sometimes misdiagnosed as a bacterial infection or a tumor. Trichophyton verrucosum is a zoophilic dermatophyte that mainly causes infection in cattle. It can be spread to dairy farmers or ranchers who have frequent contact with infected cattle. We report a pediatric case who received scalp tumor excision and a split-thickness skin graft for extensive and severe inflammatory scalp tumors that occurred after contact with cattle with ringworm. Finally, the patient was diagnosed with Kerion celsi caused by T. verrucosum infection. This was based on the patient’s medical history, clinical manifestations, and histopathologic findings.

PURPOSE: Although the role of the estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha, previously called the estrogen receptor) in breast cancer is well established, that of the second human estrogen receptor (ER), estrogen receptor beta (ER beta), remains uncertain. The expression of cyclooxygenase II (COX II) could also be regulated by sex steroids such as estrogen and progesterone. To investigate whether the expressions of the ER beta, ER alpha, and COX II are elevated in more aggressive breast cancers, the expression of the ER beta was studied by immunohistochemical staining in 20 primary breast cancer and original breast cancer tissues from 20 recurrent cancer patients, and its associations with ER alpha and cyclooxygenase (COX) II were evaluated. METHODS: Paraffin tissue sections from 40 breast cancers, surgically excised at the Department of Surgery, the Catholic University of Korea. were obtained. The immunohistochemical analysis was conducted on 20 non-recurrent, and 20 recurrent primary breast cancer tissues, using polyclonal antibodies to ER beta, ER alpha, and the corresponding monoclonal antibodies to COX II. RESULTS: Of the 40 patients, 15 (37.5%) were ER beta-positive, 30 (75%) were ER alpha-positive, and 24 (60%) were COX II-positive. The ER bata status was not related to the tumor size or menopausal status, but was related to the nodal status. The stati of ER alpha and COX II were not related to other clinico-pathological factors. The ER beta positivity was significantly more frequent in the study than the control group. (ER beta, p = 0.0222; ER alpha p = 0.1441; COX II, p = 1.00) The presence of ER beta was significantly related to the expression of ER alpha and COX II (p = 0.0455, p = 0.0381, respectively). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the expression of ER beta is associated with early recurrence in breast cancer and the expression of COX II in the presence of ER beta implies the possibility of prognostic significance.
Antibodies ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Estrogen Receptor alpha* ; Estrogen Receptor beta* ; Estrogens* ; Humans ; Korea ; Paraffin ; Progesterone ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases* ; Recurrence ; Steroids

PURPOSE: Although the role of the estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha, previously called the estrogen receptor) in breast cancer is well established, that of the second human estrogen receptor (ER), estrogen receptor beta (ER beta), remains uncertain. The expression of cyclooxygenase II (COX II) could also be regulated by sex steroids such as estrogen and progesterone. To investigate whether the expressions of the ER beta, ER alpha, and COX II are elevated in more aggressive breast cancers, the expression of the ER beta was studied by immunohistochemical staining in 20 primary breast cancer and original breast cancer tissues from 20 recurrent cancer patients, and its associations with ER alpha and cyclooxygenase (COX) II were evaluated. METHODS: Paraffin tissue sections from 40 breast cancers, surgically excised at the Department of Surgery, the Catholic University of Korea. were obtained. The immunohistochemical analysis was conducted on 20 non-recurrent, and 20 recurrent primary breast cancer tissues, using polyclonal antibodies to ER beta, ER alpha, and the corresponding monoclonal antibodies to COX II. RESULTS: Of the 40 patients, 15 (37.5%) were ER beta-positive, 30 (75%) were ER alpha-positive, and 24 (60%) were COX II-positive. The ER bata status was not related to the tumor size or menopausal status, but was related to the nodal status. The stati of ER alpha and COX II were not related to other clinico-pathological factors. The ER beta positivity was significantly more frequent in the study than the control group. (ER beta, p = 0.0222; ER alpha p = 0.1441; COX II, p = 1.00) The presence of ER beta was significantly related to the expression of ER alpha and COX II (p = 0.0455, p = 0.0381, respectively). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the expression of ER beta is associated with early recurrence in breast cancer and the expression of COX II in the presence of ER beta implies the possibility of prognostic significance.
Antibodies ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Estrogen Receptor alpha* ; Estrogen Receptor beta* ; Estrogens* ; Humans ; Korea ; Paraffin ; Progesterone ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases* ; Recurrence ; Steroids

INTRODUCTION: There are several studies that suggest bipolar and schizophrenic patients have similar pattern of cognitive impairments. The goal of this study is to examine whether there are common cognitive deficits between bipolar and schizophrenic patients in the attention and short-term memory domains using Vienna Test System. METHODS: Cognitive functions were assessed with a computerized neurocognitive test (Vienna Test System) in admitted patients with bipolar disorder (N=63), schizophrenia (N=65), and normal controls (N=64). The assessments were done with four subtests of Vienna Test System including Cross-over, Continuous Attention, Corsi's block tapping test and Work performance series. RESULTS: The performances of the bipolar and schizophrenic groups were significantly below that of the control group on the measures of attention and short-term memory. there were no significant differences between bipolar and schizophrenic groups. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that acute bipolar disorder and acute schizophrenia are not distinguishable in some neurocognitive domains such as attention and short-term memory. We may suggest that there is possible common factor underlying the neurocognitive impairments of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
Bipolar Disorder* ; Humans ; Memory, Short-Term* ; Schizophrenia*