To investigate the microvascular changes in primary pulmonary hypertension, the lungs of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were treated by an intraperitoneal injection of 2% monocrotaline(MCT) solution and then examined with scanning electron microscopy(SEM) after microvascular corrosion casting. Histologic examination revealed significant medial thickening in the small to medium-sized pulmonary arteries. Scanning electron microscopic findings of the normal lungs showed two kinds of microvascular structures. One showed a well-fortned three-dimensional basket structure of uniform flat-tubular alveolar capillaries, which were connected to each other in a T or Y shape or at right angles. The other revealed a two-dimensional reticular sheet of round tubular branches mainly in the bronchial artery-supplying regions. The MCT-treated groups(remodelling) showed apparent changes in both kinds of microvasculatures in comparison to the normal group but the more prominent change was found in Lbe bronchial artery microvasculature showing the dense thick encasement around large pulmonary arteries. Alveolar microvasculature of the pulmonary artery revealed individually enlarged angular appearance, with generally deformed alveolar architecture. Quantitatively, the significant enlargement of diameter and intercapillary distance appeared in both microvasculatures of MCT-induced rat lungs, but the density was increased only in the bronchial artery microvasculature. In conclusion, our three-dimensional microvascular study of the MCT-treated rat lungs demonstrates a new morphologic finding of vascular remodeling in primary puhnonary hypertension, which is thought to play an important vascular role in the pathogenesis in addition to interstitial fibrosis.
Rats ; Animals

Beta-2-microglubulin(beta 2m), the invariable light chain of the histocompatibility antigen is present on the surfaces of most human nucleated cells. It has proved to be reduced or disappeared on the cell surfaces of variable skin cancers. Patterns of beta 2m stainability in normal uterus and of the loss in several cervical epithelial lesions were examined by immunohistochemical staining using rat monoclonal and rabbit polyclonal anti-beta 2m, repectively on fresh tissues of 13 cases and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of 23 cases. To know patterns of loss of beta 2m stainability and measure its extent and degree, only fixed tissues were examined. Fresh uterine tissue showed beta 2m stainability present on the cell membranes of squamous epithelium, endocervical gland, and capillary endothelium. Of these, squamous epithelium of uterine cervix revealed most characteristic lace-like staining along the cell outlines. Paraffin-embedded 23 cases were classified as group I (6 normal conrol and metaplasia), II (5 mild and moderate dysplasia), III (6 severe dysplasia and carcinome in situ), and IV ( 6 microinvasive and invasive squamous cell carcinoma). Group 2-4 showed reduced beta 2m stainability when compared to group 1 that exhibited the similar stainability as fresh normal cervical epithelium. The reduction or less proved to be statistically significant(p-value<0.001) in group 3 and 4 except for group 2. In spite of being invasive cases, a few disclosed beta 2m positive cells mainly in well-differentiated areas. In sum, ABC immunohistochemical staining of beta 2m showed the tendency tend to decrease or disappear in uterine cervical epithelial lesions with premalignant or malignant change and rather to appear in some well-differentiated areas of malignant lesions.
Humans ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Animals

We performed a histopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 23 cases of surgically resected large cell undifferentiated carcinoma(LCUC) of the lung. The relative incidence of LCUC was 7.6% among the total resected cases of primary lung cancer over 7 years(1987-1993). The mean age of the patients was 56 years and 21 cases were male. The mean size of the mass was 5 cm and 11 cases were located peripherally. According to the histologic features, LCUC could be divided into three groups: squamous cell carcinoma-like(6 cases), adenocarcinoma-like(13 cases), and small cell carcinoma-like(4 cases) groups. The histologic differences were related to the variations of the immunohistochemical properties, but there were no differences in prognosis among these groups. Immunoreactivity to cytokeratin(CAM 5.2) was demonstrated in 22/23(96%). Carcinoembryonic antigen was positive in 13/23(57%). Neuron specific enolase and chromogranin were positive in 11/23(48%) and 5/23(22%), respectively. Vimentin was seen in 11/23(48%). From these observations, we could subclassify them by their immunologic phenotypes; exocrine features in 6/23(26%), neuroendocrine(NE) features in 4/23(17%), both exocrine and NE phenotypes in 7/23(30%), and 6 cases(26%) showed neither phenotype. The group with NE features showed a worse prognosis(P<0.05) and immunoreactivity for vimentin was also related to a worse prognosis(P<0.05). These findings imply that the immunohistochemical properties of LCUC are closely related to the histopathologic features. The groups, subdivided by histology and immunoreactivity, showed no prognostic difference except for the NE differentiation and reaction for vimentin.
Incidence ; Lung Neoplasms

Hantaan and related viruses have been implicated as causative agents for a diverse group of human diseases known collectively as "hemorrhagic fevers with renal syndrome" (HFRS). Outbred SD rats obtained within 24 hours after birth were inoculated by intracerebral (the first group) or intramuscular routes (the second group) with 10(9.5)/ml DL50 of Hantaan seed virus suspension in 0.02 ml and 0.1 ml, respectively. Brain, lung, liver, kidney and spleen were used for virus antigen detection by immunofluorecence and histopathologic examination. In the first group, immunofluorescent intensity of virus antigen was increased in all organs (especially brain) and persisted until time of death(day 9). The histopathologic changes were relatively mild in brain and spleen and unremarkable in liver, lung and kidney. In the second group, immunofluorescent intensity of virus antigen was markedly increased in brain until time of death(day 17), but decreased in other organs. The histopathologic findings, such as meningoencephalitis, interstitial pneumonitis with focal hemorrhage, and lymphoid hyperplasia of splenic white pulp were much prominent compared to the first group. However, those of liver and kidney were unremarkable. The chronology of virologic and pathologic findings in Hantaan-infected suckling rats suggests a possible immune-mediated mechanism in disease pathogenesis.
Humans ; Rats ; Animals

BACKGROUND: Bupivacaine is a amide type local anesthetic agent, widely used for its excellent quality of analgesia and long duration of action. But unintended intravenous injection causes severe complication such as convulsion and cardiovascular collapse, which is known for its difficulty in resuscitation. With all the study, the exact mechanism is still unclear and there are much debate on the method of resuscitation. METHOD: We studied the effect of clonidine pretreatment on bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity and resuscitation in anesthetized dog. Twelve dogs were divided into two groups. : saline pretreatment group (control, N=6) and clonidine pretreatment group (clonidine group, N=6). The dogs were anesthetized with N2O-O2-enflurane and vecuronium. Thoracotomy was done in 4th or 5th intercostal space for open cardiac massage. After confirming stability of vital signs, we administered clonidine (10 mcg/kg) or saline, and then administered bupivacaine with the rate of 2 mg/kg/min. When the electeocardiogram showed asystole, 20 mcg/kg of epinephrine was administered via central venous line and open cardiac massage with the rate of 120 beat/min. was performed. We observed electrocardiogram (lead II), arterial blood pressure, heart rate, dose of infused bupivacaine to be required for QRS widening and arrest, required time and administered dose of epinephrine for resuscitation. RESULTS: Clonidine group showed significant decrease of heart rate after pretreatment (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in required dose for QRS widening between two groups. The dose administered for inducing arrest was less in clonidine group than control group (p<0.05). The time required for resuscitation was shorter in clonidine group than control group (p<0.05). The total dose of epinephrine required for resuscitation was less in clonidine group than control group (p<0.05). The blood concentration of catecholamine did not showed significant difference during the whole course of experiment. CONCLUSIONS: Above results demonstrated that clonidine, a central nervous system-mediated sympatholytic agent, facilitated cardiac arrest when bupivacaine was infused intravenously and cardiac rescucitation.
Analgesia ; Animals ; Arterial Pressure ; Bupivacaine ; Clonidine* ; Dogs* ; Electrocardiography ; Epinephrine ; Heart Arrest ; Heart Massage ; Heart Rate ; Injections, Intravenous ; Resuscitation* ; Seizures ; Thoracotomy ; Vecuronium Bromide ; Vital Signs

Agenesis of corpus callosum occurs sporadically and may be transmitted as sex-linked, or autosomal-dominant or recessive traits. It has been associated with different syndromes. Clinical pictures vary from severe intellectual and neurologic abnormalities to asymptomatic and normaly intelligent cases. Agenesis of corpus callosum may occur alone, but it is more frequently associated with a high incidence of other anomalies. We report a male infant with agenesis of corpus callosum who was diagnosed to have ileal atresia and duplication.
Agenesis of Corpus Callosum* ; Corpus Callosum* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male

Sclerosing hemangioma of the lung is uncommon benign neoplasm of uncertain histogenesis, although their radiological appearance is relatively distinct and well-defined. Recently, we experienced 2 cases of sclerosing hemangiomas of the lungs in 61 and 39 years old women. The light microscopic findings of the tissues are similar to the features reported by Liebow and Hubbell(1956). The basic cellular response is thought to be type II pneumonocytes because of findings of multilamellar-like bodies within stromal cells with electron microscopy in case I in addition to other characteristics generally found in epithelial cells.
Female ; Humans ; Hemangioma

This study examined the customers' perception on Home Meal Replacement (HMR) products. Specifically, there were three research objectives: 1. to identify the customers' HMR purchase patterns and preference of HMR product development; 2. to identify the attributes of the HMR products that the customers perceive; and 3. to examine the customers' level of expectation-confirmation toward HMR product attributes according to the demographic characteristics. This study employed a self-administered survey that was distributed online from November 21~24, 2017. The sample of the study was the customers who had purchased HMR products in the six months prior to taking the survey. A total of 553 respondents completed the survey, which was used for data analysis. The results revealed the customers' HMR purchase patterns. The major HMR product type of purchase was ready to heat (52.6%), while the main reason for purchasing HMR products was convenience (83.2%). For the differences in the level of expectation-confirmation toward HMR products in accordance with the demographic characteristics of customers, the results indicated that there was a difference in the expectation-confirmation level according to age, whereas the respondents aged 29 and under showed a significantly higher level of time-saving for the preparation and ease of cooking (P < 0.05) than the other age groups. In addition, there was a significant difference in the expectation-confirmation level for saving meal preparation time (P < 0.05) and convenience (P < 0.01) among the customer's occupation. These findings can provide the basis for a strategy for developing HMR products reflecting the rapidly changing customers' needs. HMR products should be developed according to the specific target market, as the study indicated that the respective customer segmentation resulted in a difference in their expectation toward HMR products.
Cooking ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Meals ; Occupations ; Statistics as Topic ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a severe cutaneous adverse reaction involving various internal organs. Flare-ups after recovery from the initial presentation of DRESS are caused by relapse of drug-induced T-cell-mediated reactions. However, the specific underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we report a case of a 60-year-old man with allopurinol-induced DRESS who suffered recurrent episodes of generalized rash with eosinophilia, which mimicked immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Analysis of immunological profiles revealed that the percentages of T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells in the patient with DRESS were higher than those in healthy controls. In addition, there was a notable change in the subtype of monocytes in the patient with DRESS; the percentage of nonclassical monocytes increased, whereas that of classical monocytes decreased. Upon viral infection, nonclassical monocytes exhibited strong pro-inflammatory properties that skewed the immune response toward a Th2 profile, which was associated with persistent flare-ups of DRESS. Taken together, the results increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of DRESS as they suggest that expansion of nonclassical monocytes and Th2 cells drives disease pathogenesis.
Allopurinol ; Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome ; Eosinophilia ; Exanthema ; Herpesviridae ; Humans ; Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome ; Middle Aged ; Monocytes ; Recurrence ; T-Lymphocytes ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; Th2 Cells

Purpose: Appropriate preclinical mouse models are needed to evaluate the response to immunotherapeutic agents. Immunocompetent mouse models have rarely been reported for gastric cancer. Thus, we investigated immunophenotypes and responses to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) in immunocompetent mouse models using various murine gastric cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: We constructed subcutaneous syngeneic tumors with murine gastric cancer cell lines, YTN3 and YTN16, in C57BL/6J mice. Mice were intraperitoneally treated with IgG isotype control or an anti–programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) neutralizing antibody. We used immunohistochemistry to evaluate the tumor-infiltrating immune cells of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded mouse tumor tissues. We compared the protein and RNA expression between YTN3 and YTN16 cell lines using a mouse cytokine array and RNA sequencing. Results: The mouse tumors revealed distinct histological and molecular characteristics. YTN16 cells showed upregulation of genes and proteins related to immunosuppression, such as Ccl2 (CCL2) and Csf1 (M-CSF). Macrophages and exhausted T cells were more enriched in YTN16 tumors than in YTN3 tumors. Several YTN3 tumors were completely regressed by the PD-L1 inhibitor, whereas YTN16 tumors were unaffected. Although treatment with a PD-L1 inhibitor increased infiltration of T cells in both the tumors, the proportion of exhausted immune cells did not decrease in the non-responder group. Conclusion We confirmed the histological and molecular features of cancer cells with various responses to ICI. Our models can be used in preclinical research on ICI resistance mechanisms to enhance clinical efficacy.