OBJECTIVES: The Young's internet addiction test (IAT) is used worldwide, and the psychometric properties of IAT have been documented in other countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate the factors and structure of the IAT as applied to Korean college students. METHODS: Data was collected from students (n=2216) at Kongju National University via an online survey system. The factor structures of the IAT were assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS: The IAT produced acceptable internal consistency and reliability (Cronbach alpha=0.921). We discovered that the two-factor structure of the IAT produced acceptable psychometric properties. Factor 1 consisted of the aspiration and obsession to achieve orientation in cyberspace, Factor 2 consists of loss of control, withdrawal, and neglect of social interaction and duties. These findings were inconsistent with those of previous studies. There were no significant gender differences observed in internet addiction rates. CONCLUSION: IAT is a reliable scale which identifies two internet addiction factors in Korean college students. This scale could be useful to quantitatively evaluate internet addiction.
Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Humans ; Internet ; Interpersonal Relations ; Obsessive Behavior ; Orientation ; Psychometrics

Some modern accerelators provide a dual energy for photon beam treatment. The main advantages of dual energy in the treatment of rectosigmoid or rectal cancer are as follows. Dose in the critical organ such as small intestine, bladder and genital organ are reduced. Presacral and perineal area is fully covered. Dose distribution analysis such as calculation of dose in a target volume, isocenter, Dmax and dose spectrum in any region of interest are possible. Examples of plan are given and results are discussed.
Genitalia ; Intestine, Small ; Rectal Neoplasms ; Urinary Bladder

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to construct a model that describes the health related quality of life in working women with preschool children and to verify the goodness of fitness of the model. Methods: The data were collected with a structured self-report questionnaire from 483 working women with preschool children. Results: The modified model showed a reasonable fitness to the data. Social support, job satisfaction, parenting stress, sense of coherence and depression accounted for 78% of the health related quality of life in working women with preschool children. Conclusion This study suggests that the health related quality of life in working women with preschool children can be improved by reducing parenting stress and depression level, and by increasing social support, job satisfaction, and sense of coherence. Depression can also be managed by reducing parenting stress and by increasing job satisfaction and sense of coherence. Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to develop intervention programs to increase the health related quality of life or to decrease depression in working women.

BACKGROUND: The maximal removal rate of indocyanine green (ICG Rmax), which has been used as a useful indicator of quantitative assessment of the hepatic function, has some disadvantages such as high cost, requirement of multiple sampling, and long turn-around time. This study was designed to clarify that the measurement of the lidocaine metabolite, monoethylglycinekylidide (MEGX) test, can replace the ICG Rmax. And in healthy adults, MEGX forma pion was measured and compared according to methods of measurement and serf. METHOD: In 18 patients to whom ICG Rmax test was requested, ICG Rmax test was carried out at two doses of 0.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg and MEGX formation after 15 minute of 1 mg/kg lidocaine Injection was measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) method. The correlation between them was analyzed, To 25 healthy volunteers included in this study as normal control, lidocaine was given intravenously at, a dose of 1 mg/kg and MEGX forma pion was measured IS and 30 minute later (MEGX15, MEGX30) using both high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and FPIA methods. RESULT: Patient group resealed significant correlation between ICG Rmax and MEGX15 (r=0.7674, p<0.001) and also between ICG Rl5 and MEGX15 (r=0.5612, p=0.008). There was significant difference between MEGX15 of 9 patients with chronic liver diseases and those of normal controls (22.24+/- 13.18 and 35.40+/- 14.43 ng/mL, respectively) (p=0.01). In normal controls, the correlation between methods was significant (p=0.001) and the values measured by FPIA method was significantly higher than that by HPLG (p(0.001). Of the normal controls, male group had higher MEGX15 values than female group in both methods (in HPLC method 33.89+/-15.95 and 22.53+/- 8.36, and in FPIA method 41.48+/-16.61 and 28.81+/-7.88 ng/mL, respectively), and in female group MEGX30 values was significantly elevated compared to MEGX15 (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Inferred from the fact that the correlation between ICG Rmax and MEGX was good, MEGX test can be considered a replacement for ICG Rmax. In healthy adults, it is considered that there is serf-related difference In the rate of lidocaine metabolism so we should pay attention to it in interpreting the MEGX results.
Adult ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Female ; Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Indocyanine Green* ; Lidocaine ; Liver Diseases ; Male ; Mesons ; Metabolism

Clinodactyly, as rare congenital malformation, refers to a curvature of a digit in a radial or ulnar direction in the coronal plane. The abnormality is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. And its frequency was low, however, it was higher by accompanying other congenital anomaly. In present study, the frequency and genetic characteristics of clinodactyly were investigated. In 100 family (382 peoples), clinodactyly was found in 4.7% (n=18). All clinodactyly were bilateral and it was more frequent in female (6.8%) than male (2.6%), without statistical difference (p=0.056). Its inheritance was autosomal dominant trait in 80% (4/5) families, however, one family did not have any inheritance pattern. We described the frequency and clinical implication of clinodactyly, and this description will be lead to an improved understanding of its spectrum and inheritance.
Female ; Hand Deformities ; Humans ; Inheritance Patterns ; Male ; Prevalence* ; Wills

We performed immunohistochemical staining against Hepatocyte (Hep) and CD10 antibodies in 75 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 50 cholangiocarcinomas, 49 colorectal adenocarcinomas, and 308 gastric adenocarcinomas by tissue array method. We also evaluated the various non-neoplastic adult tissues and fetal digestive organs. Hep was expressed in 80% of HCCs, and HCCs without Hep expression were more likely to have a higher Edmondson & Steiner grade than HCCs with Hep expression (p=0.004). In non-HCCs, 16% of cholangiocarcinomas, 8.2% of colorectal carcinomas, and 44.2% of gastric carcinomas expressed Hep. Gastric carcinomas with Hep expression were significantly associated with early gastric carcinomas (p<0.001). In non-neoplastic tissues, Hep was found expressed in normal hepatocytes, small intestinal mucosa, and intestinal metaplasia of the stomach. Fetal hepatocytes expressed Hep after 19 weeks of gestation. CD10 was detected in 46.7% (35/75) of HCCs, and canalicular staining pattern was predominant in HCCs. In conclusion, the expression of Hep and CD10 may help to distinguish HCCs from non-HCCs.
Adult ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/*metabolism/pathology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Epitopes ; Gastric Mucosa/cytology/*metabolism ; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/*metabolism/pathology ; Hepatocytes/cytology/*metabolism ; Human ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intestinal Mucosa/cytology/*metabolism ; Liver Neoplasms/*metabolism/pathology ; Neprilysin/metabolism ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Tumor Markers, Biological

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify relationships among knowledge and attitudes of unmarried mothers toward emergency contraceptive pills. METHODS: Data were collected through structured questionnaires from 135 unmarried mothers enrolled in 7 single mothers' facilities nationwide. Data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 17.0 program for descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe-test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS: For knowledge about emergency contraceptive pills, there were significant differences among who live with her before pregnancy, experience of past pregnancies, state of present pregnancy and preparation in using contraceptives. For attitude toward emergency contraceptive pills, there were significant differences according to age, education level and religion. There were significant positive relationships between knowledge and attitudes toward emergency contraceptive pills. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that unmarried women should be better informed about emergency contraceptive pills, and reassured about their safety. Efforts are needed to disseminate up-to-date information to experts in sex education including nurses.
Contraception ; Contraceptive Agents ; Emergencies ; Female ; Humans ; Illegitimacy ; Pregnancy ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sex Education ; Single Person

BACKGROUND: Sevoflurane anesthesia is associated with emergence agitation in children. In this study, we compared the emergence and recovery profiles of children who received sevoflurane with fentanyl or alfentanil for inguinal herniorrhaphy. METHODS: Forty-five children receiving sevoflurane anesthesia for inguinal herniorraphy were assigned to three groups. Saline 0.1 ml/kg (group S), alfentanil 10microgram//kg (group A) or fentanyl 1microgram//kg (group F) was administered intravenously at the beginning of fascia closure. Duration of operation and anesthesia and emergence time were evaluated at the operating room. Agitation score, a degree of pain, the time of stay in PACU (postanesthetic care unit) and postoperative side effects were evaluated by a blinded observer at the PACU. RESULTS: The emergence time was prolonged in the group F compared to the other groups. The time of stay in PACU was prolonged in the group F compared to the group S. Group A and F had lower agitation score and pain score in comparison with that of the group S at the 0, 5, 10, 15 min in the PACU. Agitation score was also significantly lower in the group F compared to the group A at 30 min. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that intravenous administration of alfentanil 10microgram//kg or fentanyl 1microgram//kg at the closure of fascia could effectively reduce the agitation score. Alfentanil also does not delay from emergence and the time of stay in the PACU.
Administration, Intravenous ; Alfentanil* ; Anesthesia* ; Child* ; Dihydroergotamine* ; Fascia ; Fentanyl ; Herniorrhaphy ; Humans ; Operating Rooms

BACKGROUND: Elevation of intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA) handle increase the efficacy of the seal by pressing the cuff more firmly into the periglottic tissues and many clinicians apply an upward force to ILMA handle during blind intubation. In this study, we compared the first intubation success rate through ILMA during intubation with or without handle elevation. METHODS: With informed consent, fifty adult patients of ASA physical status I or II were selected. After insertion of ILMA size 4, optimal ventilation was established by slightly rotating the device in the sagittal plane, using the metal handle, until the least resistance to bag ventilation is achieved. Ventilation grade and fiberoptic bronchoscopic view were evaluated at the proper position. Intubation using ILMA was limited to first attempt regardless of successful tracheal intubation. After intubated tube was removed, ILMA was slightly elevated away from the posterior pharyngeal wall using the metal handle, and ventilation grade with fiberoptic bronchoscopic view were evaluated, then intubation was proceeded. Success rates of both methods on the first attempt were calculated. RESULTS: Ventilation grade and fiberoptic bronchoscopic view had no significant differences under the intubation using ILMA with or without handle elevation. Success rates of intubation on the first attempt with and without handle elevation were 78% and 82%. Therefore both methods had no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: Blind tracheal intubation using ILMA with handle elevation is not necessary to get higher intubation success rates on the first attempt. Finding proper ventilation position and technical experience are required for successful blind tracheal intubation using ILMA.
Adult ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Intubation* ; Laryngeal Masks* ; Ventilation

Impetigo herpetiformis (IH) is an extremely rare pustular dermatosis of pregnancy with typical onset during the second or third trimester of pregnancy and generally rapid resolution after delivery. Recurrent case of IH in subsequent pregnancy tend to earlier onset and greater severity. We report a 33-year-old pregnant woman, with a history of mild IH in the first pregnancy, who presented with generalized lesions at nearly 29 weeks' gestation. Her condition had become worse suddenly at 34 weeks' gestation. She developed fever, small for gestational age, and gait disturbance due to ache in both thighs. So we decided to terminate the pregnancy by repeat cesarean section. After delivery, her skin lesions had worsen rapidly in spite of treatment with corticosteroids. So she was treated with a large dose of acitretin. Three months after her delivery, her skin was returned to original state, except for residual pigmentation. In conclusion, our case indicates that clinicians should be aware of the possibility of sudden deterioration of the maternal lesions and fetal condition associated with IH.
Acitretin* ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Adult ; Cesarean Section, Repeat ; Female ; Fever ; Gait ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Impetigo* ; Pigmentation ; Pregnancy Trimester, Third ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnant Women ; Skin ; Skin Diseases ; Thigh