PURPOSE: This study was done to explore life stress and coping skills of boarding high school students. METHODS: Triangulation (quantitative and qualitative) research method was used through three stages. First, 47 high school students were interviewed to identify life stressors. Second, 208 students were surveyed via internet questionnaires to assess stress level for each stressor. Lastly, in order to survey stress coping skills, 61 students answered 10 subjective questions orally or in writing. RESULTS: Thirty-seven life stressors in five categories were identified through thematic content analysis of the interviews: dormitory life, appearance and self management, human relations, study, and other areas. Stresses from schoolwork were highest and participants also experienced stress from their dormitory life. The overall stress level was higher in girls than in boys, and students in their 2nd year perceived their stress as higher than those in other grades. Various stress coping skills were being used, and positive coping skills were commonly used. CONCLUSION: To improve quality of life of boarding high school students, various strategies are needed to reduce their life stress. Especially, girls are in need of special concern and care because of their vulnerability to stress.
Adaptation, Psychological* ; Female ; Humans ; Internet ; Quality of Life ; Questionnaires ; Self Care ; Stress, Psychological* ; Writing

PURPOSE: Despite the well-known public health benefits of vaccination, increasing public concern about the safety of childhood vaccinations has led some parents to refuse or hesitate having their children immunized. The purpose of this study was to identify the subjectivity of parents toward refusal of childhood vaccination. METHODS: Q-methodology, in which subjective viewpoints are explored and analyzed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques, was used. Thirty-five participants were asked to rank 42 statements on diverse issues of childhood vaccination according to a continuous 9-point scale ranging from -4 for strongly disagree to +4 for strongly agree. Collected data was analyzed using the PC-QUANAL program. RESULTS: The results revealed three discrete groups of parents in the refusal of children's immunization: type I, distrust; type II, concern about side effects, and type III, belief that vaccinations are unnecessary. CONCLUSION: Special nurse counselors who can provide correct information about vaccination based on the three types should be part of the government policy. Customized education programs to shift viewpoints should be also redeveloped according to the results in this study.
Child ; Counseling ; Disulfiram ; Humans ; Parents ; Public Health ; Rejection (Psychology) ; Vaccination

PURPOSE: Mycophenolic acid (MPA), a potent inhibitor of inosine-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), was used as a new immunosuppressive drug since 1990s. It was reported that MPA increased neuronal survival after excitotoxic injury, induced apoptosis in microglial cells, inhibited the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in astrocytes. and inhibited microglial cell proliferation in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) induced hippocampal cells. However, the effects of MPA on the perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury had not been yet evaluated. Therefore, we examined whether MPA could be neuroprotective in the HI brain injury. METHODS: Cortical cells were cultured using a 18-day-pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and incubated in 1% O2 incubator for hypoxia. MPA (10 ug/mL) before or after a HI insult were treated. Seven-day-old SD rat pups were subjected to left carotid occlusion followed by 2.5 hours of hypoxic exposure (8% O2). MPA (10 mg/kg) were administrated intraperitoneally before or after a HI insult. Nitric oxide (NO) activity and expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors also measured using Real-time PCR with primer pairs of isoforms of NOS; iNOS, endothelial NOS (eNOS), neuronal NOS (nNOS), and subunits of NMDA receptors; NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, NR2D. RESULTS: The expression of iNOS was decreased in the hypoxia group but increased in the MPA-treated group. However express or that eNOS and nNOS were inversed. The expression of all NMDA receptor subunits except NR2B was decreased in the hypoxia group but increased in the MPA-treated group. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the administration of MPA before a HI insult could significantly protect against perinatal HI brain injury via some parts of NO-mediated or excitotoxic mechanisms.
Animals ; Anoxia ; Apoptosis ; Astrocytes ; Brain Injuries* ; Brain* ; Cell Proliferation ; Incubators ; Mycophenolic Acid* ; N-Methylaspartate* ; Neurons ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; Nitric Oxide Synthase* ; Nitric Oxide* ; Oxidoreductases ; Protein Isoforms* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate

PURPOSE: This purpose of this study was to develop evidence-based practice guideline for isolation in health care settings to prevent transmission of infectious diseases utilizing guideline adaption process. METHODS: The process of guideline adaptation was performed according to the Korean hospital nurses association's guideline adaptation manual which consisted of three main phases, 9 modules, and 24 steps. RESULTS: The adapted isolation guideline consisted of introduction, overview of isolation guideline, summary of recommendations, recommendations, references, and appendices. The guideline includes 224 recommendations in 4 sections which are organizational administration, standard precautions, transmission-based precautions, and education/counselling. CONCLUSION: The adapted isolation guideline is recommended to be disseminated and utilized by nurses and clinicians nationwide to improve the isolation practices for infected or colonized patients with communicable diseases and to decrease the transmission of infections in the healthcare settings.
Colon ; Communicable Diseases ; Delivery of Health Care ; Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Evidence-Based Nursing ; Evidence-Based Practice ; Humans ; Infection Control ; Patient Isolation

Objectives: . Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant vascular disorder characterized by recurrent epistaxis, telangiectasia, and visceral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Activin A receptor-like type 1 (ACVRL1/ALK1) and endoglin (ENG) are the principal genes whose mutations cause HHT. No multicenter study has yet investigated correlations between genetic variations and clinical outcomes in Korean HHT patients. Methods: . Seventy-two members from 40 families suspected to have HHT based on symptoms were genetically screened for pathogenic variants of ACVRL1 and ENG. Patients with genetically diagnosed HHT were also evaluated. Results: . In the HHT genetic screening, 42 patients from 24 of the 40 families had genetic variants that met the pathogenic criteria (pathogenic very strong, pathogenic strong, pathogenic moderate, or pathogenic supporting) based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics Standards and Guidelines for either ENG or ACVRL1: 26 from 12 families (50%) for ENG, and 16 from 12 families (50%) for ACVRL1. Diagnostic screening of 42 genetically positive HHT patients based on the Curaçao criteria revealed that 24 patients (57%) were classified as having definite HHT, 17 (41%) as having probable HHT, and 1 (2%) as unlikely to have HHT. Epistaxis was the most common clinical presentation (38/42, 90%), followed by visceral AVMs (24/42, 57%) and telangiectasia (21/42, 50%). Five patients (12%) did not have a family history of HHT clinical symptoms. Conclusion . Only approximately half of patients with ACVRL1 or ENG genetic variants could be clinically diagnosed as having definite HHT, suggesting that genetic screening is important to confirm the diagnosis.

METHODS: The efficiency of electroporation-based delivery of AsCpf1/mRNA and AsCpf1/RNP to target exon 3 of leukemia inhibitory factor (Lif) into mouse zygotes was evaluated. Embryos that developed to the two-cell stage after zygote electroporation were transferred into the oviducts of surrogate mothers to produce AsCpf1-mediated LIF KO mice. The genome editing efficiency of blastocysts and pups was tested using the T7E1 assay and/or DNA sequencing. Congenital abnormalities and reproductive phenotypes in LIF KO mice produced by electroporation with AsCpf1/RNP were examined. RESULTS: Survival and two-cell development of electroporated zygotes were comparable between the AsCpf1/mRNA and AsCpf1/RNP groups, whereas genome editing efficiency was relatively higher in the AsCpf1/RNP group (13.3% vs 18.1% at blastocyst and 33.3% vs 45.5% at offspring), respectively. Two mouse lines with a frameshift mutation in exon 3 of the Lif gene were established from the AsCpf1/RNP group. All congenital abnormalities of LIF KO mice produced by AsCpf1/RNP electroporation were observed. AsCpf1-mediated LIF KO mice showed postnatal growth retardation and implantation failure, both of which are major phenotypes of LIF KO mice generated by conventional gene targeting. CONCLUSION Electroporation of AsCpf1/RNP at the zygote stage is an efficient genome editing method to produce KO mice.

METHODS: The efficiency of electroporation-based delivery of AsCpf1/mRNA and AsCpf1/RNP to target exon 3 of leukemia inhibitory factor (Lif) into mouse zygotes was evaluated. Embryos that developed to the two-cell stage after zygote electroporation were transferred into the oviducts of surrogate mothers to produce AsCpf1-mediated LIF KO mice. The genome editing efficiency of blastocysts and pups was tested using the T7E1 assay and/or DNA sequencing. Congenital abnormalities and reproductive phenotypes in LIF KO mice produced by electroporation with AsCpf1/RNP were examined. RESULTS: Survival and two-cell development of electroporated zygotes were comparable between the AsCpf1/mRNA and AsCpf1/RNP groups, whereas genome editing efficiency was relatively higher in the AsCpf1/RNP group (13.3% vs 18.1% at blastocyst and 33.3% vs 45.5% at offspring), respectively. Two mouse lines with a frameshift mutation in exon 3 of the Lif gene were established from the AsCpf1/RNP group. All congenital abnormalities of LIF KO mice produced by AsCpf1/RNP electroporation were observed. AsCpf1-mediated LIF KO mice showed postnatal growth retardation and implantation failure, both of which are major phenotypes of LIF KO mice generated by conventional gene targeting. CONCLUSION Electroporation of AsCpf1/RNP at the zygote stage is an efficient genome editing method to produce KO mice.