No abstract available.
Dwarfism*

No abstract available.
Pierre Robin Syndrome*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that affect nursing students' performance on standard precaution of infection control. METHODS: For the analysis of the study results, mistakes and percentages, descriptive statistics, Pearson's coefficient, and multiple regression analysis were performed. RESULTS: Among the participants, 76.5% received hospital infection education, and 72.5% experienced an exposure to blood or body fluid, and the most of the exposures were occurred during the first semester of the third year. The knowledge score was 20.08±2.09, the awareness score was 4.63±.41, and the performance score was 4.34±.55. In the relationship between the standard precautions knowledge, awareness, and performance, the awareness and the performance were in positive correlations, while the factors that affected the performance level of the standard precautions were awareness and the school year (third year), which had 37.0% of the total exposures. CONCLUSION: In order to increase the performance level of the standard precautions among the nursing department students, after identifying the differences between school years and demands of the students, it is necessary to provide continuous and regular education of standard precautions.
Body Fluids ; Cross Infection ; Education ; Humans ; Infection Control* ; Nursing*

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Oxidative stress is a major effector of various diseases; accordingly, antioxidants are frequently ingested in order to prevent or alleviate disease symptoms. Kimchi contains various natural antioxidants, and it is known that the functional activity varies depending on the ingredients and fermentation state. Black raspberries (BR) contain various bioactive compounds with antioxidant effects. This study investigated the antioxidant and liver-protection effects of kimchi supplemented with black raspberry juice powder (BJP). MATERIALS/METHODS: BJP-added kimchi (BAK; at 0.5%, 1%, and 2% concentrations of BJP) and control (without BJP) were prepared and fermented at 4℃ for 4 weeks. Changes in the antioxidant effects of BAK during fermentation were investigated. In addition, the protective activity of BAK against oxidative stress was investigated in a liver cirrhosis-induced animal model in vivo. RESULTS: BAK groups showed the acidity and pH of optimally ripened (OR) kimchi at 2 weeks of fermentation along with the highest lactic acid bacterial counts. Additionally, BAK groups displayed a higher content of phenolic compounds and elevated antioxidant activities relative to the control, with the highest antioxidant effect observed at 2 weeks of fermentation of OR 1% BAK. After feeding the OR 1% BAK to thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis rats, we observed decreased glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase activities and elevated superoxide dismutase activity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings showed that the antioxidant effects of OR BAK and feeding of OR 1% BAK resulted in liver-protective effects against oxidative stress.
Animals ; Antioxidants ; Bacterial Load ; Fermentation ; Glutamic Acid ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lactic Acid ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver ; Models, Animal ; Oxaloacetic Acid ; Oxidative Stress ; Phenol ; Pyruvic Acid ; Rats ; Rubus ; Superoxide Dismutase

No abstract available.
Pregnancy, Heterotopic*

The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of an endodontic infection on presence of furcation involvement in periodontally-involved mandibular molars. All first and second mandibualr molars in 45 patients were selected if at least one was root-filled or had a possible periapical radiolucency. The sample consisted of patients from a referral population at a periodotnal clinic which represented an adult population with a mean age of 47.5 years (range 31 to 63) For mandibular molars with periapical destruction at both roots, frequency of horizontal furcation depth > or = 3 mm was significantly more compared to teeth without periapical destruction. Mean periodontal probing depth was significantly greater at mandibular molars with periapical destruction. It is suggested that a root canal infection in periodontitis-involved molars may potentiate periodontitis progression by spreading of endodontic pathgens through patent accessory canals and dentinal tubules. In conclusion, an endodontic infection in mandibular molars was found to be associated with additional attachment loss in the furcation area, and may thus be considered to be one of several risk factors influencing the prognosis of molars in periodontitis-prone patients.
Adult ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Dentin ; Humans ; Molar* ; Periodontal Diseases ; Periodontitis ; Prognosis ; Referral and Consultation ; Risk Factors ; Tooth

This study was designed to assess the nutritional iron status and anemia of middle school girls. Three-hundred-fiftythree female subjects in Ulsan metropolitan city were evaluated using a questionnaire, and hematological indices. The average height and weight of the respondents were 157.19 +/- 5.57 cm and 51.06 +/-9.42 kg, respectively. The average Body Mass Index (BMI, Kg/m2) was 20.63 +/-3.23, which was within the normal range. With regard to clinical symptoms, the greatest number of respondents reported that they experienced 'decreased ability to concentrate'. The total caloric intake of each subject was 1743.28 +/- 343.47 kcal (83.01% of the Korean RDA) and the calcium intake was 634.98 +/- 201.43 mg (79.37% of the Korean RDA). The mean daily intake of iron was 14.76 +/- 4.36 mg (92.25% of the Korean RDA) and the heme iron intake was 6.12 +/- 2.30 mg, which was 41.5% of the total iron intake. The average hemoglobin (Hb) concentration of the subjects was 13.24 +/- 1.01 g/dl, and the average hematocrit (Hct) level was 37.79 +/- 4.10%. The transferrin saturation {TS (%)} was 19.41 +/- 9.21%, and the ferritin level was 26.26 +/- 18.60 ng/ml. The iron deficiency anemia among the subjects was estimated at 6.1% by using Hb (< 12 g/dl), 20.5% by using Hct (< 36%), 30.8% by using TS (< 14%), and 23.1% by using ferritin (< 12 ng/ml). The total iron binding capacity (TIBC) showed a negative correlation with the Hb, iron, ferritin and TS. With regard to the correlation between blood biochemistry and clinical symptoms related to anemia, the Hb concentration was negatively correlated with 'pale face' (p < 0.05). In addition, the level of iron was significantly and negatively correlated with 'poor memory' (p < 0.01) and the ferritin concentration was negatively correlated with 'no appetite' (p < 0.05), 'pale face (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the prevalence of iron deficiency among middle school girls is very high; therefore, guidelines on dietary support and nutritional education to improve their dietary iron status should be provided.
Anemia* ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency ; Biochemistry ; Body Mass Index ; Calcium ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Energy Intake ; Female* ; Ferritins ; Hematocrit ; Heme ; Humans ; Iron* ; Iron, Dietary ; Prevalence ; Reference Values ; Transferrin ; Ulsan*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The incidence of inflammatory heart diseases is not yet as high as those of other cardiovascular diseases; however, inflammatory heart diseases do have relatively high mortality rate. Therefore, update information on the economic burden of inflammatory heart diseases are necessary in order to appropriate policy making on these diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used a number of resources to obtain data, national health insurance statistics, the Korean Health Panel, and the causes of death report by the Korean National Statistical Office. The total costs of inflammatory heart diseases were estimated as the sum of direct medical care costs, direct non-medical care and indirect costs. RESULTS: The total direct cost of inflammatory heart disease was higher in Korean men than that of Korean women and cost due to inpatient was higher than that of outpatients cost. The costs to cover premature death were highest among all of the components used to determine the total costs for inflammatory heart disease, representing 66.3% of these costs in Korea. CONCLUSION: Inflammatory heart disease has a relatively high mortality rate, and the costs that are associated with premature deaths consume the greatest proportion of the costs associated with this disease. In spite of some limitations of study, this could be a reliable evidence of economic burden of inflammatory heart disease.
Cause of Death ; Cost of Illness ; Endocarditis ; Female ; Health Care Costs ; Heart ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inflammation ; Inpatients ; Korea ; Male ; Mortality, Premature ; National Health Programs ; Outpatients ; Policy Making

clinical and radiologic findings that mainly involve the white/gray matter of the parieto-occipital lobes. The purpose of this study was to determine its clinical and radiological characteristics. METHODS: A total of 15 pateints were involved in the study. Their medical records and radiological features of brain MRI were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: Fifteen pateints were involved. (9 males and 5 females). The patients' ages ranged from 2-20 years (mean age:10 years). The brain MRI revealed fairly symmetric areas of increased T2 signal involving both white and gray matter of parieto-occipital regions. The condition seemed to be associated with cyclosporin A and steroid therapy or a variety of other conditions in which blood pressure rises acutely. CONCLUSION: Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is a complicated neurological condition, but a better understanding of this complex syndrome may obviate unnecessary investigations and lead to prompt and appropriate management of the associated problems.
Blood Pressure ; Brain ; Child* ; Cyclosporine ; Humans ; Leukoencephalopathies ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Medical Records ; Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome* ; Retrospective Studies ; Seizures

PURPOSE: This study was done to explore time management behavior and self-efficacy in nursing students and to analyze the correlations between time management behavior and self-efficacy. METHODS: The data were collected from May 12 to 20 2010 using self-report questionnaires about time management behavior and self-efficacy of nursing students. The data from 508 students were analyzed using descriptive analysis, K-means clustering, and one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The mean score for time management behavior was 3.03+/-1.11 out of a possible 5, and self-efficacy was 3.65+/-0.42 out of a possible 6. Four groups were identified according to time management behavior. The four groups were significantly different on self-efficacy total (p=<.05) and self-regulatory efficacy (p=.<005). The group with the highest score for time management had the highest score for self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study indicate that time management behavior styles are related to self-efficacy for nursing students. Therefore, time management education programs based on the time management behavior styles are needed to increase self-efficacy in nursing students.
Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Students, Nursing ; Time Management