The composition and the structure of the sacrum present the sexual and the racial difference. The variation of the structure is meaningful in the administration of caudal anesthesia which used one of the safest and the most valuable means of local anesthesia. In this study, a morphological investigation of the sacrum in Korean adults was done using 145 dry sacral bones. Non-metrical morphological variations were observed and ten measurements were undertaken. The results of the study were as follows. 1. The five segmented sacrum appeared most commonly (62.1%). Six segmented sacrum appeared 37.2% and the incidence tended to increse according to the age. Four segmented sacrum was noted in one case (0.7%). 2. In 9.7%, deficiences existed in the upper dorsal wall of the sacral canal. In 5.5%, deficiences existed in the middle of the dorsal wall of the sacral canal. 3. The apex of the sacral hiatus was found mostly (28.9%) at the upper third of the body of fifth sacral vertebra. 4. The sacral hiatus was classified into five groups by shape with triangular being the most frequent. 5. There was a significant sexual difference in the antero-posterior and transverse diameters of the first sacral vertebral body, the length of the sacrum, and the length of the sacral hiatus. 6. The average sacral index I was 98.2 in male, and 104.4 in female. Sacral index I was the relationship between the greaster breath to the length of the sacrum. 7. The average sacral index II was 46.6 in male, and 44.8 in female. Sacral index II was the relationship between the first sacral body diameter to the greaster breath of the sacrum. A thorough knowledge of the anatomical features of the dorsum of the sacrum including above results will lead to the decrease in the number of failures in administration of caudal anesthesia.
Adult* ; Anesthesia, Caudal ; Anesthesia, Local ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Sacrum* ; Spine

A morphometric study on the trigeminal ganglion and the intracranial portion of the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves was done in 50 Korean adult cadavers. The shape of the ganglion was classified into 7 types and semicircular shape was most common (54%). Mean width of the trigeminal root at porus trieminus was 6.08mm. The length of the trigemnal root from porus to the trigeminal ganglion was 8.28mm at ophthalmic portion, 10.16mm at maxillary portion, and 8.90mm at mendibular portion. Maximum width of the ganglion was 15.48mm and the breadth of the ophthalmic, and maxillary portion were 5.25mm and 5.26mm, respectively, and that of the mandibular portion (4.92mm) was narrow than the other portion. Intracranial ophthalmic nerve was 4.30mm of width and 17.89mm of length, and this nerve inclined average 39.7。 (range 14.56。) from sagital plane. It was observed infrequently that the cavernous sinus extended to the lateral border of the maxillary nervw and the emissary sinus ran under the mandibular nerve.
Adult* ; Cadaver ; Cavernous Sinus ; Ganglion Cysts ; Humans ; Mandibular Nerve* ; Ophthalmic Nerve ; Trigeminal Ganglion*

An effective writing is the one in which the writer and the readers can easily and accurately communicate. For this, the writer should be able to write in accordance with requirements each component of the writing - words, sentences, paragraphs and parts. This thesis discussed a method of writing centered on sentential composition. Sentential level requires grammatical, brief and accurate expressions, and ones like the Korean language.
Writing*

M llerian anomalies have been infrequently encountered clinical problem for the obstetrician gynecologist, incidence was estimated to occur in 1% to 6% of all women. Recently, the use of vaginal ultrasound, MRI and endoscopic techniques have led to more accurate description and classification of m llerian anomalies. This report of a complete uterine septum with duplication of the cervix and a longitudinal vaginal septum with hemivaginal stricture represents a unique case of septate uterus, which to our knowledge previously has not been reported.
Cervix Uteri* ; Classification ; Constriction, Pathologic* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Ultrasonography ; Uterus*

OBJECTIVE: Some growth factors may promote tumor growth by affecting tumor angiogenesis. Midkine(MK) are polypeptides that belong to a new family of heparin-binding growth/differentiation factor and has also been reported to be angiogenic. In various tumor tissues, MK was highly expressed between tumor and normal tissues; however, the pattern of MK expression in normal cervix and cervical cancer has not been established. The aim of this study was to determine the MK mRNA expression in cervical cancer. And we questioned whether its expression is related to cancer stages and prognostic factors. METHODS: The cervical and cervical cancer tissues were taken from patients; healthy women(n=15), and the patients with cervical cancer(n=29). The MK mRNA expression was examined by quantative competitive PCR after polymerase chain reaction amplification of reverse transcriptase copies of RNA transcripts(RT-PCR). RESULTS: The cervical cancer expressed higher levels of MK mRNA than normal cervix(p<0.05). The MK mRNA expression was not correlated with the cervical cancer stage and histopathologic type(p>0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggested that increased MK mRNA expression is associated with the development of cervical cancer.
Cervix Uteri ; Female ; Humans ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Peptides ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA ; RNA, Messenger* ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

The fiberscope is no longer an experimental instrument, and it is a state-of-the-art technique for airway management in the operating room, recovery room, and intensive care unit. Changing the oral tube to a nasal one is often necessary if the trachea is to be intubated for a long period. A nasal tube is better tolerated by the patient, is easier to secure when the patient is moved, and is easier to attach to the respiratory care equipment. We describe three cases report changing the oral tube to a nasal one in neurosurgical pa- tient post operatively under flexible fiberoptic laryngoscope, while the interruption of venti- lation is minimized.
Airway Management ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Laryngoscopes* ; Operating Rooms ; Recovery Room ; Trachea

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluated the expression of FAS-associated factor 1 (FAF1) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in normal ovary and ovarian cancer, and also analyzed the correlation between FAF1 and HSP70 in ovarian cancer. METHODS: The patient group consisted of 29 unrelated Korean women diagnosed as ovarian cancers and control samples were obtained from 7 patients who underwent oophorectomy for benign disease of uterus, and normal ovary was confirmed histologically from biopsy. We examined FAF1 and HSP70 expression by western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining in normal ovary and ovarian cancer. Furthermore, we examined a correlation between FAF1 and HSP70 in ovarian cancer. RESULTS: The expression of FAF1 was lower in ovarian cancer than that in normal ovary (P=0.02), and the expression of HSP70 was increased in ovarian cancer in comparison to that in normal ovary (P=0.03). The expression of FAF1 was decreased in advanced stages (stage III or stage IV) as compared with early stages (stage I or stage II) (P=0.01). The expression of HSP70 was not significantly related with ovarian cancer histology (P=0.10), but the expression of HSP70 was most increased with papillary serous carcinomas and undifferentiated ovarian cancer. The expression of FAF1 was inversely correlated with the expression of HSP70 in ovarian cancer (Spearman correlation coefficience=-0.47). CONCLUSION: We concluded that the expression of FAF1 or HSP70 each seems to have a meaning as a biomarker for early detection of ovarian cancer. The expressions of FAF1 and HSP70 seem to be more valuable in predicting ovarian cancer when used together because of their inverse correlation. This is the first study about the expression of FAF1 in ovarian cancer and the correlation between FAF1 and HSP70 expression in ovarian cancer.
Biopsy ; Blotting, Western ; Female ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins* ; Humans ; Ovarian Neoplasms* ; Ovariectomy ; Ovary ; Uterus

BACKGROUND: EGF and TGF-a are ligands for the EGF-receptor and act as mitogens for a variety of tissues. TGF-a, in particular, has been implicated as an autocrine growth factor for several cancer cell lines. TGF-B exerts an inhibitory effect on the growth of most epithelial cell types, and the loss of responsiveness to this growth inhibition has been implicated in the development of a variety of human cancers. In the present study, we evaluate whether EGF, TGF-a and TGF-B modulate apoptosis and cell cycle progression in cervical cancer cell lines. MATERIALS & METHODS: The effect of EGF, TGF-a and TGF-B on apoptosis and cell cycle such as CaSki and HeLa cell lines was analysed by flow cytometry RESULTS: 1. TGF-B did not induce apoptosis in CaSki and HeLa cell lines. 2. TGF-B as well as EGF, TGF-a, did not affect the process of apoptosis significantly. 3. The time to occur apoptosis was different between CaSki and HeLa cells treated by growth factots. 4. G1 phase was the checkpoint in CaSki and HeLa cells treated with TGF-B. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that TGF-B as well as EGF, TGF-a does not induce apoptosis and cell growth inhibition.
Apoptosis* ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints* ; Cell Cycle* ; Cell Line* ; Epidermal Growth Factor* ; Epithelial Cells ; Flow Cytometry ; G1 Phase ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Ligands ; Mitogens ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

We performed 70 proceudres of transarterial chemoembolization (TAE) through extrahepatic collateral vessels (n=27) or parasitic feeders (n=18) in 45 hepatocellular carcinoma patients. The collaterals developed after interruption of the hapatic artery due to repeated TAE(n=17), surgical ligation(n=7) and primary celiac occlusion (n=3). Radiologic findings suggesting the existence of parasitic or collateral supply for hepatocellular carcinoma were 1) a focal defect of Lipiodol retention on CT or plain film after TAE via the hepatic artery, 2) dilated and tortuous vessels around the mass on angiography, 3) persistent elevation of the level of serum alpha fetoprotein or continuous clinical symptoms in spite of sufficient devascularization of the tumor via the hepatic artery, and 4) radiological findings of direct invasion into adjacent organ. The sites of the catheter placement were the inferior phrenic artery (n=19), omental branches (n=16), periportal collaterals (n=6), pancreaticodenal arcade (n=3), gastroduodenal artery (n=3), internal mammary artery (n=2), intercostal artery (n=2), lateral thoracic artery (n=1), bronchial artery(n=1), and colic branches(n=1). Masses feeded by the inferior phrenic and chest wall collaterals were usually located at the dome area of the liver, and the omental and gastroduodenal collaterals developed in the masses located at the inferior tip of the liver. After TAE via collateral vessels, 37 patients underwent follow-up study. In 18 cases(48%), the tumor favorably responded to TAE. Specific complications of collateral TAE were epigastric soreness (n=10), severe shoulder pain (n=4), and embolization of the spinal artery during embolization through the intercostal artey (n=1). In conclusion, various extrahepatic collaterals are important alternative or additional routes for effective chemoembolization in patients with advanced hepatoma, and early recognition of the parasitic supply and the effort to perform TAE via collaterals is very important for effective management of the patients with the hepatoma.
alpha-Fetoproteins ; Angiography ; Arteries ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Catheters ; Colic ; Ethiodized Oil ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hepatic Artery ; Humans ; Liver ; Mammary Arteries ; Shoulder Pain ; Thoracic Arteries ; Thoracic Wall

Menkes disease is an X-linked recessively inherited neurodegenerative disorder of copper metabolism leading to death in early childhood. This disease is characterized by low serum, liver and brain Cu levels, whereas the Cu content in nearly all other organs is increased. The main clinical features are irregular kinky hair, characteristic face, progresssive degeneration of the central nervous system, bone changes, arterial rupture and thrombosis, and instability of temperature. We have experienced a case of Menkes disease in a eight months old male patient, who manifested by seizure, developmental delay, hypotonia, characteristic hair and face along with low levels of serum copper and ceruloplasmin. We report the characteristic findings of cranial MRI and MR angiography in this Menke's patient. In cranial MRI, he showed progressive brain atrophy with subdural hemorrhage and effusion. MR angiography revealed tortuosity of vessels clearly obviating necessity of more invasive conventional arteriography in diagnosis of this disease. This study suggested that cranial MRI and especially MR angiography might be helpful in making early diagnosis of this disease.
Angiography ; Atrophy ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Ceruloplasmin ; Copper ; Diagnosis ; Early Diagnosis ; Hair ; Hematoma, Subdural ; Humans ; Liver ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome ; Metabolism ; Muscle Hypotonia ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Rupture ; Seizures ; Thrombosis