PURPOSE: This study is a methodological study aimed to develop the Korean Paternal-Fetal Attachment Scale (K-PAFAS) to measure the level of attachment between the father and the expected baby, and to examine its validity and reliability. METHODS: The K-PAFAS was developed in four steps. The first step involved derivation of the initial items through review of the literature and in-depth interviews with 10 expectant fathers. The second step was the process of expert panel review, examining content validity for the initial items. In the third step, items were examined for their usability through a preliminary survey with 30 expectant fathers. As the last step, the final K-PAFAS was applied to 200 participants and examined for its psychometric profile. RESULTS: K-PAFAS consisted of 20 items, and used a 5-point Likert scale with the total score ranging from 20 points to 100 points. A higher score indicated a higher level of attachment between the father and his unborn child. The K-PAFAS was composed of four factors. The K-PAFAS demonstrated satisfactory criterion validity, which was supported by its significant correlations with the Paternal Antenatal Attachment Scale, the Korean Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale. The Cronbach α of the K-PAFAS was .89. In test-retest reliability, the K-PAFAS showed a correlation coefficient of .91. CONCLUSION: The K-PAFAS demonstrated initial validity and reliability. It was short, and relatively easy for use in evaluating the degree of paternal-fetal attachment in the antenatal management stage.
Child ; Father-Child Relations ; Fathers ; Fetus ; Humans ; Korea ; Methods ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of care stress for older patients, self-perceptions of aging, and anxiety about aging on preparation for retirement in clinical nurses. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study in which participants were 222 nurses who had at least six months of work experience and were involved in caring for older patients in the last six months at the work site. Data were collected from August to September, 2020 using an online survey questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS/WIN 25.0 program. Results: The mean level of preparation for retirement in the participants was moderate (3.21 out of 5 points). Among the sub-domains of preparation for retirement, financial preparation had the lowest score. Self-perceptions of aging and aging anxiety were significant predictors for retirement preparation in nurses, accounting for 16% of the variable’s total variance. Conclusion A greater level of preparation for retirement was associated with a positive perception of aging and a decreased level of aging anxiety in the clinical nurses. Further research should focus on exploration of specific determinants of financial preparation for retirement and development of intervention strategies for improving preparation for retirement in the nursing workforce.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to derive a substantive theory on lived experiences of elderly cancer patients. METHODS: The data were collected from February to March 2018 through in-depth personal interviews with 14 elderly cancer patients. The collected data were analyzed based on Corbin and Strauss's grounded theory. RESULTS: The core category was “the journey to find balance in daily lives as a cancer patient by recovering disturbed ego integrity.” The core phenomenon was “shattered by suffering from cancer,” and the causal conditions were “physical change” and “limitations in daily life.” The contextual conditions were “decreased self-esteem,”“feelings of guilt toward the family,” and the sense of “economic burden.” The participants' action and interaction strategies were “maintaining or avoiding social relations,”“seeking meaning of the illness,”“falling into despair,” and “strengthening the willingness to battle the cancer.” The intervening conditions were “support from health care providers and family,”“dissatisfaction with health care providers,”“spiritual help from religion,” and “the improvement or worsening of health conditions.” The consequences were “having a new insight for life,”“living positively along with cancer illness,” and “the loss of willingness to live.” A summary of the series of processes includes the “crisis stage,”“reorganizing stage,” and the “ego integration stage.” CONCLUSION This study explored the holistic process of ego integrity impairment and the recovery experience of elderly cancer patients. This study is expected to be used as a basis for the development of nursing interventions that can support patients when coping with all stages of their cancer illness trajectory.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to examine the relationships among hospice-palliative care (HPC) nurses' knowledge of delirium, self-efficacy and nursing performance. METHODS: This study was participated by 174 nurses working in the HPC unit. The nurses were asked to fill out a questionnaire that was structured to measure their knowledge of delirium, a self-efficacy in clinical performance scale (SECPS) and nursing performance. RESULTS: The mean score for knowledge was 32.83 out of 45, with correction rate of 73%. The mean score for self-efficacy was 7.08 out of 10. The mean score of nursing performance was 2.95 out of 4. Significant correlation was observed among the variables of knowledge (r=0.28, P < 0.001), self-efficacy (r=0.51, P < 0.001) and nursing performance. CONCLUSION: Nurses with high level of knowledge of delirium showed high level of self-efficacy, and consequently better HPC nursing performance. It is necessary to develop a training program on delirium considering nurses' needs of knowledge of the condition. The effectiveness of the training program should be also examined in future.
Delirium* ; Education ; Hospice and Palliative Care Nursing ; Nursing* ; Self Efficacy

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to derive a substantive theory on lived experiences of elderly cancer patients. METHODS: The data were collected from February to March 2018 through in-depth personal interviews with 14 elderly cancer patients. The collected data were analyzed based on Corbin and Strauss's grounded theory. RESULTS: The core category was “the journey to find balance in daily lives as a cancer patient by recovering disturbed ego integrity.” The core phenomenon was “shattered by suffering from cancer,” and the causal conditions were “physical change” and “limitations in daily life.” The contextual conditions were “decreased self-esteem,” “feelings of guilt toward the family,” and the sense of “economic burden.” The participants' action and interaction strategies were “maintaining or avoiding social relations,” “seeking meaning of the illness,” “falling into despair,” and “strengthening the willingness to battle the cancer.” The intervening conditions were “support from health care providers and family,” “dissatisfaction with health care providers,” “spiritual help from religion,” and “the improvement or worsening of health conditions.” The consequences were “having a new insight for life,” “living positively along with cancer illness,” and “the loss of willingness to live.” A summary of the series of processes includes the “crisis stage,” “reorganizing stage,” and the “ego integration stage.” CONCLUSION: This study explored the holistic process of ego integrity impairment and the recovery experience of elderly cancer patients. This study is expected to be used as a basis for the development of nursing interventions that can support patients when coping with all stages of their cancer illness trajectory.
Aged ; Delivery of Health Care ; Ego ; Grounded Theory ; Guilt ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Nursing ; Qualitative Research

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a Hybrid Clinical Practicum Environment Scale for Nursing Students (HCPES-NS) and verify its validity and reliability. Methods: The HCPES-NS was constructed following the DeVellis guidelines. The initial items were written based on a literature review and individual in-depth interviews. Content validity was verified through an expert panel review. To confirm the validity and reliability of the scale, a survey was conducted with 449 nursing students enrolled in 12 nursing colleges. Data were analyzed using item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent validity, and reliability tests. Results: Factor analysis showed that the HCPES-NS consists of 15 items on five subdomains: clinical site atmosphere, interpersonal relationship, alternative online practicum contents, provision of learning information, and clinical performance facilitation. A higher score indicated a more positive perception of the clinical practicum environment. The concurrent validity of the HCPES-NS was confirmed by its positive correlation with the Clinical Learning Environment Scale (r = .77). The Cronbach’s α reliability of the HCPES-NS was .84. Conclusion The HCPES-NS is both valid and reliable. This scale reflects the clinical practicum environment and includes an online practicum factor. It may be used effectively by faculty members and educators to evaluate nursing students’ perceptions of clinical practicum environments.

The authors regret that in the above article it requires a change in the Acknowledgment section.

PURPOSE: This descriptive study aims to describe the levels of mobility in community-dwelling older Koreans with chronic illnesses, and to examine the associations of their mobility with sleep patterns, physical activity and physical symptoms including fatigue and pain. METHODS: The participants were a total of 384 community-dwelling older adults recruited from three senior centers in Seoul, Korea. Measures included mobility assessed using 6-minute walk test (6MWT), physical activity behavior, sleep profiles, fatigue and pain. Data were collected from July to December 2012. RESULTS: The mean 6MWT distance was 212.68 meters. Over 90% of the study participants (n = 373) were classified as having impaired mobility using 400 meters as the cutoff point diagnostic criteria of normal mobility in 6MWT. The 6MWT distance was 246.68 meters for participants in their 60s, 212.32 meters for those in their 70s, and 175.54 meters for those in their 80s. Significant predictors of mobility included younger age, taking mediation, regular physical activity, female gender, higher income, higher fatigue and better perception on sleep duration, which explained 18% of the total variance of mobility. CONCLUSION: A high-risk group for mobility limitation includes low income, sedentary older men who are at risk for increased fatigue and sleep deficit. Further research should incorporate other psychological and lifestyle factors such as depression, smoking, drinking behavior, and/or obesity into the prediction model of mobility to generate specific intervention strategies for mobility enhancement recommendations for older adults.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Chronic Disease/*epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Fatigue/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Independent Living/*statistics & numerical data ; Male ; *Mobility Limitation ; Motor Activity ; Pain/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Seoul/epidemiology ; Sleep ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the influencing factors of breast cancer recurrence by comparing the risk factors and lifestyle patterns related to breast cancer in Korean women with and without recurrence. Methods: This cross-sectional survey comprised 241 Korean women diagnosed with breast cancer who had received follow-up treatment. Participants were recruited from a university hospital in Seoul and an online social media platform for breast cancer patients. Data were collected either via online or a paper survey, using a structured questionnaire that included general and disease-related characteristics and lifestyle behaviors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, and logistic regression. Results: Recurrence of breast cancer was influenced by four factors; childbirth experience, consumption of green/yellow vegetables, drinking behavior, and recovery from fatigue after sleep. Prevalence of recurrent breast cancer was associated with no childbirth experience (OR=2.29, p=.010), fewer green/yellow vegetables (OR=0.71, p=.008), drinking behavior (OR=0.24, p=.001), and a lower level of recovery from fatigue after sleep (OR=0.51, p<.001). Conclusion Aside from having experienced childbirth, this study identified several modifiable factors that influence breast cancer recurrence. Increasing green/ yellow vegetable intake, alleviating fatigue, and reducing alcohol intake are important. Intervention strategies in clinical research and practice can be applied to address risk factors and reduce the prevalence of recurrent breast cancer.

PURPOSE: This study examined the relationships between nurses' exercise behavior and their anger control using a cross-sectional descriptive design. METHODS: The participants were 290 nurses in South Korea, who completed a survey questionnaire on general characteristics, the stage of exercise behavior change, and anger emotion, evaluated using state anger and anger expression method. RESULTS: Those who engaged in regular exercise behavior exhibited lower levels of state anger and higher levels of anger control than those who did not. In the prediction model, a significant association of exercise behavior with anger control was found. The levels of anger control decreased as the age, education level, and work experiences of nurses decreased. Anger control scores were significantly higher than anger suppression scores and anger expression-out scores in the hospital nurses. CONCLUSION: Engaging in regular exercise may help nurses manage anger emotions better.
Anger ; Education ; Korea ; Methods