OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and effectiveness of active migration technique and in situ lithotripsy technique in the treatment of 1-2 cm upper ureteral calculi by retrograde flexible ureteroscopy. METHODS: A total of 90 patients with 1-2 cm upper ureteral calculi treated in the urology department of Beijing Friendship Hospital from August 2018 to August 2020 were selected as the subjects. The patients were divided into two groups using random number table: 45 patients in group A were treated with in situ lithotripsy and 45 patients in group B were treated with active migration technique. The active migration technique was to reposition the stones in the renal calyces convenient for lithotripsy with the help of body position change, water flow scouring, laser impact or basket displacement, and then conduct laser lithotripsy and stone extraction. The data of the patients before and after operation were collected and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The age of the patients in group A was (51.6±14.1) years, including 34 males and 11 females. The stone diameter was (1.48±0.24) cm, and the stone density was (897.8±175.9) Hu. The stones were located on the left in 26 cases and on the right in 19 cases. There were 8 cases with no hydronephrosis, 20 cases with grade Ⅰ hydronephrosis, 11 cases with grade Ⅱ hydronephrosis, and 6 cases with grade Ⅲ hydronephrosis. The age of the patients in group B was (51.8±13.7) years, including 30 males and 15 females. The stone diameter was (1.52±0.22) cm, and the stone density was (964.6±214.2) Hu. The stones were located on the left in 22 cases and on the right in 23 cases. There were 10 cases with no hydronephrosis, 23 cases with grade Ⅰ hydronephrosis, 8 cases with grade Ⅱ hydronephrosis, and 4 cases with grade Ⅲ hydronephrosis. There was no significant diffe-rence in general parameters and stone indexes between the two groups. The operation time of group A was (67.1±16.9) min and the lithotripsy time was (38.0±13.2) min. The operation time of group B was (72.2±14.8) min and the lithotripsy time was (40.6±12.6) min. There was no significant difference between the two groups. Four weeks after operation, the stone-free rate in group A was 86.7%, and in group B was 97.8%. There was no significant difference between the two groups. In terms of complications, 25 cases of hematuria, 16 cases of pain, 10 cases of bladder spasm and 4 cases of mild fever occurred in group A. There were 22 cases of hematuria, 13 cases of pain, 12 cases of bladder spasm and 2 cases of mild fever in group B. There was no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION Active migration technique is safe and effective in the treatment of 1-2 cm upper ureteral calculi.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Ureteral Calculi/surgery* ; Hematuria/therapy* ; Ureteroscopy/methods* ; Lithotripsy/methods* ; Lithotripsy, Laser/methods* ; Hydronephrosis/complications* ; Pain ; Treatment Outcome ; Retrospective Studies

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common malignancy among Filipino women. The recent 2018 FIGO guidelines recommend imaging in cases of grossly invasive disease to determine the presence of hydronephrosis, which would immediately classify the disease as at least stage IIIB. CT and MRI are state-of-the-art modalities that can provide such information; however, these are costly and may not be accessible in areas with limited resources. Sonography is a safe and inexpensive alternative in this regard.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of renal sonography in identifying the presence of ureteral obstruction or hydronephrosis among patients with grossly invasive cervical cancer, with non-enhanced CT as the reference standard.

Methods: A blinded, prospective study was conducted among patients diagnosed with grossly invasive cervical cancer from the Philippine General Hospital. Participants underwent same-day evaluation with both renal sonography and non-enhanced CT. The presence of either ureteral obstruction or hydronephrosis secondary to cervical cancer was independently determined. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of renal sonography were calculated, with non-enhanced CT as the reference standard.

Results: A total of 127 participants were enrolled. The mean age was 46 years, with a range of 24 to 65 years. The majority had stage IIB (41.7%) and stage IIIB (52.0%) disease. On non-enhanced CT, 46 (36.2%) showed evidence of ureteral obstruction or hydronephrosis, while 81 (63.8%) had negative results. On renal sonography, 46 (36.2%) had positive results, and 81 (63.8%) had negative findings. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of sonography were 91.3%, 95.1%, 91.3%, and 95.1%, respectively. Among patients with stage IIIB disease, sonography was shown to have higher sensitivity and specificity of 92.1% and 96.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, among patients with stage IB to IIB disease, its sensitivity and specificity were 87.5% and 94.3%, respectively.

Conclusion: Renal sonography has high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of ureteral obstruction or hydronephrosis in patients with grossly invasive cervical cancer. Its sensitivity is higher when used in patients with stage IIIB disease, compared with those having lower-stage tumors.

Ureteral stenosis is a comparatively rare complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The etiology is still unclear and most believe that this may be due to the reactivation of BK virus in a state of immunodeficiency. In the later stages of ureteral stenosis with scarring, invasive interventions must be taken to relieve the hydronephrosis. Common treatments, such as D-J stent placement and permanent nephrostomy may not only entail the risk of infection, but also seriously affect the quality of life. Few cases of surgical intervention have been reported. In this article, a 25-year-old female was admitted to Peking University First Hospital suffering from recurrent flank pain. Seven years before, she developed hemorrhagic cystitis and bilateral urethritis 40 days after allogeneic HSCT. After continuous bladder irrigation and antiviral therapy, the left-sided hydronephrosis gradually alleviated while the right-sided one did not improve. D-J stents were used for urine drainage for 7 years before percuta-neous nephrostomy. Preoperative antegrade pyelography revealed significant hydronephrosis in the right kidney with long stricture of proximal-middle ureter. After comprehensive decision, she underwent ileal ureter replacement. The operation was successful. The segmental lesion was dissected and the scar tissue was removed. A 25 cm intestinal tube was isolated to connect the pelvis and bladder. An anti-reflux nipple was created at the distal end of ileal ureter to prevent the potential infection. The blood loss was minimal. After surgery, the drainage tube was removed in 2 weeks, the nephrostomy tube and the D-J stent was removed in 3 months. Follow-up mainly included clinical assessment, serologic testing, renal ultrasonography, blood gas analysis and radiological examination. During the follow-up of 6 years, she was symptom-free and no postoperative complications occurred. The serum creatinine level was stable. No hydronephrosis was observed under ultrasonography. Obvious peristaltic waves and ureteral jets of the ileal ureter was confirmed on cine magnetic resonance urography. To sum up, ureteral stenosis after HSCT is relatively rare. Obstruction caused by scarring is usually irreversible and surgical intervention should be designed according to the location and length of the lesion. Ileal ureter replacement can be a safe, feasible and effective method to solve this kind of complex stricture.
Adult ; Cicatrix ; Constriction, Pathologic/etiology* ; Female ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects* ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis/surgery* ; Quality of Life ; Ureter/surgery* ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery*

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is characterized by decreased flow of urine down the ureter and increased fluid pressure inside the kidney. Open pyeloplasty had been regarded as the standard management of UPJO for a long time. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty reports high success rates, for both retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approaches, which are comparable to those of open pyeloplasty. However, open and laparoscopic pyeloplasty have yielded disappointing failure rates of 2.5%-10%. The main causes for recurrent UPJO are severe peripelvic and periureteric fibrosis due to urinary extravasation, ureteral ischemia, and inadequate hemostasis. In addition, failing to diagnose lower pole crossing vessels before or during the primary procedure is also responsible for recurrent UPJO. In addition, poor preoperative split renal function, hydronephrosis, presence of renal stones, patient age, diabetes, prior endopyelotomy history, and retrograde pyelography history were considered as predictors of pyeloplasty failure. The failure is usually defined by persistent pain, persistent radiographic obstruction (infection or stones), continued decline in split renal function, or a combination of the above. And the failure of pye-loplasty often occurs in the first 2 years after the surgery. The available options for managing recurrent UPJO with a salvageable renal unit include endopyelotomy, re-do pyeloplasty, stent implantation, percutaneous nephrostomy, ureterocalicostomy, and nephrectomy. Re-do pyeloplasty has such merits as high successful rates and rare complications, compared with endopyelotomy or ureterocalicostomy. And some investigators think that re-do pyeloplasty should be regarded as the gold standard for secondary therapy if feasible. Open pyeloplasty can enlarge the operating field, facilitate the exposure of the ureteropelvic junction, reduce the difficulty of operation, and thus reduce the occurrence of complications. There are no significant differences among the success rates of re-do pyeloplasty under open approach, traditional laparoscopy and robot-assisted laparoscopy, according to previous reports. However, traditional laparoscopic and robot-assisted pyeloplasty give advantages of cosmetology, small trauma, less postoperative pain, speedy recovery and shorter hospitalization, fewer complications and lower recurrent rates. If the primary pyeloplasty is an open operation in retroperitoneal approach, the traditional laparoscopic and robotic operation with retroperitoneal approach should be considered for secondary repair. The cause of recurrent UPJO should be evaluated before surgery and identified intraoperatively to minimize the possibility of recurrence.
Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Kidney Pelvis ; Laparoscopy ; Ureter ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery* ; Urologic Surgical Procedures

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical features and outcome of hydronephrosis induced by retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF), and to evaluate the effect of corticosteroid based therapy combined with surgical intervention of ureteral obstruction. METHODS: A total of 17 RPF patients with hydronephrosis hospitalized in Peking University International Hospital from May 2016 to December 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The median age was 56 (53, 65) years, the male to female ratio was 2.4 : 1, and the disease duration was 4.00 (0.83, 8.00) months. The initial symptoms included back pain (9 cases), abdominal pain (6 cases), oliguria (2 cases) and lower limb edema (3 cases). Eight patients presented left hydronephrosis, 1 right hydronephrosis and 8 bilateral hydronephrosis. C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were both elevated in 13 patients (76.5%, n=17). Immunoglobin (Ig) G4 increased in 5 cases (29.4%, n=17). IgG, IgE and IgA increased in 4 cases (30.8%, n=13), 4 cases (30.8%, n=13) and 1 case (7.7%, n=13), respectively. Among 12 patients who underwent biopsy, 3 patients were diagnosed with IgG4-relate disease. The level of IgG4 in the tissues varied, 6 cases expressed less than 10 per high power field (HPF) or no expression (50.0%). Only 2 cases expressed 10-30/HPF (16.7%), and 4 cases revealed more than 30/HPF (33.3%). Among the 17 patients with ureteral obstruction, no urinary drainage procedure was needed in 4 patients who had mild ureteral obstruction, whereas, ureteral stenting was carried out in the other 13 cases before drug treatment. Time was too short to evaluate the effect of urinary drainage procedures in 4 patients. For the rest, ureterolysis had to be performed in 3 cases after failed ureteral stent insertion. Successful drain removal was accomplished in all of these 9 patients and the mean time to drain removal was (6.7±3.0) months. In addition, 10 patients had complete medical records after an average follow-up time of 5 (3-13) months. Levels of ESR, CRP, IgG4, IgG, IgE, IgA were 54.0 (36.3, 98.5) mm/h, 26.8 (8.7, 53.0) mg/L, 1.34 (0.55, 3.36) g/L, 16.3 (13.0, 21.1) g/L, 40.5 (31.4, 203.0) IU/mL, 2.51 (1.82, 3.25) g/L at baseline, which all decreased predominantly after treatment. ESR, CRP, IgG4, IgG, IgE and IgA dropped by 38.5 (23.5, 54.3) mm/h (P < 0.01), 23.0 (5.5, 52.0) mg/L (P < 0.05), 0.92 (0.40, 2.85) g/L (P < 0.01), 6.5 (1.7, 9.1) g/L (P < 0.05), 23.7 (4.8, 162.0) IU/mL (P < 0.05) and 0.77 (0.32, 1.26) g/L (P < 0.05), respectively. Size of mass measured by CT/MRI imaging became smaller significantly and hydronephrosis relieved. CONCLUSION Onset of RPF is insidious and lack of specific initial symptoms. Corticosteroid based therapy combined with surgical intervention of relieving obstruction is effective.
Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis/etiology* ; Male ; Retroperitoneal Fibrosis/complications* ; Retrospective Studies ; Ureter ; Ureteral Obstruction

To explore the application of radiomic analysis in differential diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma in patients with hydronephrosis and renal calculi using supervised machine learning methods.The abdominal CT scan data were retrospectively analyzed for 66 patients with pathologically confirmed hydronephrosis and renal calculi, among whom 35 patients had renal cell carcinoma. In each case 18 non-texture features and 344 texture features were extracted from the region of interest (ROI). Infinite feature selection (InfFS)-based forward feature selection method coupled with support vector machine (SVM) classifier was used to select the optimal feature subset. SVM was trained and performed the prediction using the selected feature subset to classify whether hydronephrosis with renal calculi was associated with renal cell carcinoma.A total of 12 texture features were selected as the optimal features. The area under curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, false positive rate and false negative rate of the SVM- InfFS model for predicting accompanying renal tumors in patients with hydronephrosis and calculi were 0.907, 81.0%, 70.0%, 90.9%, 9.1%, and 30.0%, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, false positive and false negative rates by the clinicians provided with these classification results were 90.5%, 80.0%, 100%, 0.00%, and 20.0%, respectively.The computer-aided classification model based on supervised machine learning can effectively extract the diagnostic information and improve the diagnostic rate of renal cell carcinoma associated with hydronephrosis and renal calculi.
Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; diagnosis ; Kidney Calculi ; Kidney Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of fetal anteroposterior renal pelvic diameter (APD) in predicting antenatal hydronephrosis requiring surgical treatment after birth. METHODS: A total of 525 cases of antenatal hydronephrosis detected by prenatal ultrasonography (ultrasound index APD ≥ 4 mm in the second trimester and APD ≥ 7 mm in the third trimester) in Zhejiang Prenatal Diagnosis Center from June 2007 to June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. ROC curve was used to analyze the relationship between these ultrasound indicators and the requirement for surgical treatment after birth. RESULTS: There were 162 cases (30.9%) diagnosed in the second trimester and 363 cases (69.1%) diagnosed in the third trimester; 131 cases were diagnosed pathologically after birth, of which 121 finally underwent surgical treatment. The area under ROC curve (AUC) of APD in middle pregnancy for prediction of requiring surgery 1-12 years after birth was 0.910; the cut-off value of APD was 8.45 mm with a sensitivity of 97.1%, specificity of 70.9%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 47.9%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 98.9%. The AUC of APD in late pregnancy for prediction of requiring surgery 1-12 years after birth was 0.800; the cut-off value of APD was 12.25 mm with a sensitivity of 66.7%, specificity of 81.2%, PPV of 51.7%, and NPV of 89.1%. CONCLUSIONS APD in pregnancy can be used to predict whether the fetus with hydronephrosis needs surgical treatment after birth, and the prediction value of APD in the middle pregnancy is better.
Female ; Fetus ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Kidney Pelvis ; diagnostic imaging ; Pregnancy ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Hydronephrosis*

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability of the Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) and Onen grading systems for fetal hydronephrosis in prenatal ultrasound according to the level of experience of the examiner. METHODS: We reviewed the prenatal ultrasound images of 146 fetuses (292 kidneys) that were diagnosed as having hydronephrosis between January 2005 and December 2014. One expert and two trainees assessed the prenatal renal ultrasound images using the SFU and Onen grading systems. The three examiners independently assessed each ultrasound image with both grading systems and reassessed the same images after 7 to 14 days. Cohen's kappa statistic was used to estimate intra- and inter-observer reliability in prenatal ultrasound images according to training level. RESULTS: The intra-observer reliability of the SFU grading system (κ 0.873–0.945) showed almost perfect agreement and that of the Onen grading system (κ 0.749–0.913) showed substantial to almost perfect agreement. The overall inter-observer reliability of the SFU grading system (κ 0.620–0.825) showed substantial to almost perfect agreement and that of the Onen grading system (κ 0.618–0.724) showed substantial agreement. The weighted kappa value of inter-observer agreement was 0.223 to 0.400 for SFU grade 1 and 0.064 to 0.346 for SFU grade 3. For Onen grading, the inter-observer agreement was 0.012 to 0.214 for grade 2 and 0.193 to 0.334 for grade 3. CONCLUSION: Both the SFU and Onen grading systems showed good intra-observer agreement in prenatal ultrasonography. The inter-observer agreement was decreased in SFU grades 1 and 3 and Onen grades 2 and 3. Therefore, more focus should be given to SFU grades 1 and 3 and Onen grades 2 and 3 for trainees.
Fetus ; Hydronephrosis ; Ultrasonography ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal ; Urology

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the clinical significance of microscopic hematuria and grade of hydronephrosis in ureteral calculi patients visiting the emergency department (ED). METHODS: The EDs of two medical centers were reviewed retrospectively from August 1, 2012 to July 31, 2017. The total ureteral calculi patients were 2,069 and 1,593 patients were analyzed after exclusion. The normal range of microscopic hematuria in both medical centers was 0–5/high power field (HPF) of red blood cell in urinalysis. Therefore, microscopic hematuria more than 5/HPF was defined as positive. The size of the stone, grade of hydronephrosis (normal, mild, moderate, and severe) and location of ureteral calculi in the non-contrast abdomen and pelvis computed tomography (CT) was measured by one person at each medical center using same method. The patients with or without microscopic hematuria and grade of hydronephrosis were then compared. RESULTS: The median size of the ureteral calculi patients without and with microscopic hematuria was 5.4 mm (range, 3.8–9.0 mm) and 4.0 mm (range, 3.0–5.8 mm) (P < 0.001). The patients grouped as normal to mild, and moderate to severe hydronephrosis, without microscopic hematuria was 191 (16.5%) and 91 (20.9%), respectively. On the other hand, microscopic hematuria was 966 (83.5%) and 345 (79.1%) (P=0.042). According to the location of ureteral calculi, with and without microscopic hematuria was 81.9% and 18.1% in the upper ureter, 82.9% and 17.1% in the mid ureter, and 82.6% and 17.4% in the lower ureter, respectively (P=0.935). CONCLUSION: The median size of the stone and grade of hydronephrosis were related to microscopic hematuria but the location of the ureteral calculi was not related. Therefore, in cases without microscopic hematuria in suspected ureteral calculi, clinicians should check the abdomen and pelvis CT for an accurate diagnosis and treatment of ureteral calculi.
Abdomen ; Diagnosis ; Emergencies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Erythrocytes ; Hand ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Methods ; Pelvis ; Reference Values ; Retrospective Studies ; Ureter ; Ureteral Calculi ; Urinalysis