The present study is an attempt to delineate the effect of various salt administrations on the changes of blood pH and electrolytes, especially the nature of serum calcium, total and ionic, and serum magnesium. Thirty five male rabbits weighing 1.9 to 2. 5kg were used in this experiment. At the end of the three days diet adjustment period, the animals were divided into seven groups; Group I; Control, Group II; Ammonium chloride oral administration, Group III; Oral administration of sodium bicarbonate, Group IV; Potassium chloride intraveneous injection, Group V; Sodium chloride intravenous injection, Group VI; Calcium chloride intravenous injection, and Group VII; Magnesium chloride intravenous injection. The blood pH was determined by the method by Astrup and bicarbonate in serum by the method of Van Slyke and Neill. Sodium and potassium in serum were determined with an EEL flame photometer. Chloride was determined by the method of Schales and Schales and inorganic phosphorous by the method of Fiske and Subbarrow. Serum total calcium and magnesium were determined according to the method of chelometric titration with Eriochrome blue S.E. Serum ionic calcium was determined by the method of Yanagisawa. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The oral administration of ammonium chloride produced a significant decrease in blood pH. The serum concentrations of bicarbonate, magnesium and potassium were steadily decreased, but serum chloride, serum total and ionic calcium concentrations were increased through the experiment. 2. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion increased the concentration of bicarbonate, magnesium and serum ionic calcium markedly and serum ionic calcium slightly. The blood pH was significantly increased but serum chloride concentration was markedly reduced after ingestion of sodium bicarbonate However, serum potassium and inorganic phosphorus concentrations were decreased slightly. 3. The blood pH was dropped in the first two hours of intravenous injection of potassium chloride and tended to rise again significantly. the concentration of sodium and chloride in serum was increased markedly in two hours of injection but reduced after six hours to control level. Serum phosphorus, total and ionic calcium were reduced steadily, but serum concentration of magnesium, potassium and bicarbonate concentrations were slightly increased through the experiment 4. After sodium chloride was given, intravenously, there was a sustained increase in the concentration of serum sodium, potassium, phosphorus and bicarbonate but the blood pH was decreased in the first two hours and significantly elevated through the experiment. The serum concentration of chloride, magnesium, total and ionic calcium was decreased slightly. 5. B100d pH was slightly increased and the concentration of chloride was elevated sharply after injection of calcium chloride intravenously in the first two hours and come to control level in twenty-four hours. Serum sodium concentration was elevated steadily through the experiment. The concentration of total and ionic calcium in serum was elevated after injection but come to control level in twenty four hours of injection. Serum potassium and magnesium concentrations were decreased slightly in the first two hours and increased in four hours of injection. 6. Magnesium chloride intravenous injection produced a decrease in blood pH and serum concentration of bicarbonate in the first few hours and increase after 6 hours of injection. Serum magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus levels were increased after injection but the concentration of inorganic phosphrous was decreased markedly in twenty four hours of injection. Serum concentration of chloride, ionic calcium and potassium wag markedly reduced.
Administration, Oral ; Ammonium Chloride ; Animals ; Calcium ; Calcium Chloride ; Diet ; Eating ; Eels ; Electrolytes* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration* ; Injections, Intravenous ; Magnesium ; Magnesium Chloride ; Male ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Potassium Chloride ; Rabbits ; Sodium ; Sodium Bicarbonate ; Sodium Chloride

Chloride is the most abundant negative charge ion in extracellular fluid. In plasma it combines with sodium as sodium chloride and with potassium as potassium chloride. Chloride also is found with hydrogen as hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Although chloride was the first electrolyte to be easily measured, it has been considered often the least important of the major electrolytes because of its attachment to both sodium and potassium. There were lot of research and report about electrolyte imbalance, however it was difficult to find the clinical report about hypochloremia. We recently managed a patient with pyloric stenosis who was admitted to ICU with severe hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. He was treated with hydration of normal saline and conservative management. Metabolic alkalosis and severe hypochloremia were improved and the patient was discharged on ICU 3 days.
Alkalosis* ; Electrolytes ; Extracellular Fluid ; Humans ; Hydrochloric Acid ; Hydrogen ; Plasma ; Potassium ; Potassium Chloride ; Pyloric Stenosis ; Sodium ; Sodium Chloride ; Stomach

BACKGROUNDS: Metabolic and environmental evaluation can provide a powerful tool for management of patients with urolithiasis. We developed the interpretative reporting system of the analysis of urine stone risk and evaluated the clinical usefulness of this system. METHODS: The analysis of urine stone risk with thirty five cases were performed at Samsung Medical Center from January 1 to June 30, 1999. They were studied using a protocol based on 24 hour urine tests including volume, pH, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, uric acid, magnesium, citrate, oxalate, ammonium and creatinine. Nitroprusside-cyanide spot test, routine urine analysis, urine culture, and several serum tests including electrolytes, calcium, phosphate, uric acid, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone were also included. The results of physical and chemical analysis of urine stone were considered together. Relative supersaturations were estimated using software program EQUIL. We provided comprehensive interpretation about the specific causes and risks of stone formation in each patient. RESULTS: Hyperoxaluria (57.1%), hypercalciuria (57.1%), natriuresis (51.4%) and hypocitraturia (34.3%) were commonly found at the urine of patients with urolithiasis. The results of urine stone risk analysis based on relative supersaturation and related laboratory findings correlated well with the results of urine stone analysis. Mixed form of calcium oxalate stone was most commonly encounterd. Increased supersaturation with respect to calcium oxalate stone was noted in 23 cases (65.7%), which were frequently accompanied by hyperuricosuria or increased supersaturation with uric acid stone. The pH of urine was generally increased in struvite stones and decreased in uric acid stones. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of urine composition and determination of urine stone risk were very useful for evaluation of patients with urolithiasis. And the interpretative reporting system of the analysis of urine stone risk can provide meaningful information in the treament and prevention of stone disease.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Ammonium Compounds ; Calcium ; Calcium Chloride ; Calcium Oxalate ; Citric Acid ; Creatinine ; Electrolytes ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypercalciuria ; Hyperoxaluria ; Magnesium ; Natriuresis ; Parathyroid Hormone ; Potassium ; Sodium ; Uric Acid ; Urolithiasis

PURPOSE: The surgical removal of normal kidney elicits dramatic changes in the remaining kidney. Changes in urinary excretion of lithogenlc substances and urinary inhibitor may increase or decrease the stone-forming potential. The aim of this study was to determine if unilateral nephrectomy could enhance urinary calculi formation in animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male rats were divided randomly into 3 groups. Group 1(n=5) were fed with pellet and tap water for 4 weeks without nephrectomy Group 2(n=5) were fed with the same pellet and 0.8% ethylene glycol plus 1% ammonium chloride in drinking water for 4 weeks without nephrectomy Group 3(n=5) were fed with the same pellet and the same lithogenic diet from 2 weeks after uninephrectomy for 4 weeks. Each right kidney was harvested after 4 weeks feeding. One half of the each kidney were fixed for H & E stain to examine crystal deposits. The remaining half of the kidneys were treated with 12N KOH and 6N HCI for the measurement of calcium content with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. About 3-5cc of blood was collected from the inferior vela cava for determinations of serum creatinine, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus & chloride. Urine was collected over a 24 hour interval before and after lithogenic diet, and urine volume, 24-hour urinary excretions of oxalate, citrate, uric acid, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride, and creatinine were measured. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between group 1(0.243 +/- 0.014mmo1/kg) and lithogenic diet groups(group 2 and group 3 in calcium content(p < 0.01)). But, there was no significant difference of calcium content between group 2(5.475 +/- 0.247mmo1/kg) and group 3(5.843 +/- 0.324mmol/kg)(p > 0.05). There were no calcium oxalate crystal deposit in the group 1, but there were about 2-5 crystal deposits with partially polarized light microscope( x 100) in group 2 and group 3, and there was no significant difference between group 2 and group 3. After taking lithogenic diet, the serum creatinine, serum magnesium, serum phosphors, urine pH & 24-hour urinary excretions of oxalate increased significantly in group 2 and group 3, whereas creatinine clearance & 24-hour urinary excretions of calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, citrate decreased significantly in the same groups(p < 0.05). But, there were no significant difference of serum calcium, chloride, and 24-hour urinary excretions of magnesium, uric acid among three groups after 4 weeks feeding. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral nephrectomy would not increase stone forming potential.
Absorption ; Adult ; Ammonium Chloride ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Calcium* ; Citric Acid ; Creatinine ; Diet ; Drinking Water ; Ethylene Glycol ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kidney ; Magnesium ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Nephrectomy* ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rats* ; Sodium ; Uric Acid ; Urinary Calculi ; Water

To evaluate the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin, serum levels of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, BUN, creatinine and creatinine clearance were measured before and after administration of cisplatin in 18 cases of patients with malignant neoplasm. The results were as follows: 1) Serum calcium, magnesium, potassium and BUN levels were changed after cisplatin administration, but those changes were not statistically significant. 2) The mean value of creatinine clearance was not decreased significantly after treatment with cisplatin. 3) Acute renal failure was developed in one case, and four cases of hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia were also detected after administration of cisplatin.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Calcium ; Calcium Chloride ; Cisplatin* ; Creatinine ; Humans ; Hypocalcemia ; Magnesium ; Potassium ; Sodium

BACKGROUND: There have been numerous studies to define the diurnal variation of urinary excretions of substances. It is known that this variation is influenced by many factors. This diurnal variation also affects results of quantitative analysis of random urine. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the maximum excretion time of day for representative urinary analytes and to elucidate the most appropriate time for spot urine quantitative analysis. METHODS: The concentrations of following urinary analytes were measured on healthy male and female volunteers at 06, 08, 12, 16 and 24 hours in August 1995, March 1996 and January 1997: protein, amylase, urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium and inorganic phosphorus were measured by Hitachi Model 747 automatic analyzer and microalbumin by Beckman Array 360. The statistical analyses of results were performed by one-way ANOVA and multiple comparison for the significance of difference. RESULTS: The excretion of protein, amylase, urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus showed the diurnal variations. The peak excretion time of protein, amylase, urea nitrogen and creatinine was at early morning. However, that of sodium, pota-ssium, chloride, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus was at afternoon. The excretion of urea nitrogen, sodium, chloride and magnesium revealed the seasonal variations. The excretion of urea nitrogen, sodium and chloride was increased during winter. CONCLUSIONS: The morning urine specimen is considered to be the most appropriate for analysing protein and nitrogenous substances and the afternoon specimen is appropriate for electrolytes.
Amylases ; Calcium ; Creatinine ; Electrolytes* ; Female ; Humans ; Magnesium ; Magnesium Chloride ; Male ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Seasons ; Sodium ; Urea ; Uric Acid ; Volunteers

The purpose of this study was to investigate wether a radiographic estimate of osseous fractal dimension is useful in the characterization of structural changes in bone. Ten specimens of bone were progressively decalcified in fresh 50ml solutions of 0.1N hydrochloric acid solution at cummulative timed periods of 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 and 90 minutes, and radiographed from 0 degree projection angle controlled by intraoral parelleling device. The test set of 70 radiographs was digitally filtered to reduce film-grain noise. I performed one-dimensional variance and fractal analysis of bony profiles or scan lines, Correlation analysis quantified the relationship between variance and fractal dimension. The obtained results were as follow ; 1. After the first stage of decalcification variance and fractal dimension of scan line pixel intensities generally decreased with a range of 57.94 to 12.64 and 1.59 to 1.36. 2. Correlation coefficient(r) relating variance to fractal dimension was consistantly excellent(range r=0.90 to 0.98). 3. Variance and fractal dimension were much alike in ability to discriminate, at leat on a group basis, between contrl and decalcified specimens.
Fractals* ; Hydrochloric Acid ; Noise ; Osteoporosis*

PURPOSE: It has previously been reported that citrate, thiazide, allopurinol and magnesium (CTAM) have inhibitory effects on calcium oxalate crystallization, but the effects of CTAM on the matrix proteins of stones in vivo has not been studied. Using an ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model, we investigated the effects of CTAM on renal crystallization and the expression of osteopontin (OPN), which is an important stone matrix protein. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250gm) were divided randomly into 6 groups of 10 rats. Group 1 was left untreated, and served as a control. Group 2 (CID group) was fed 0.8% ethylene glycol and 1% ammonium chloride (crystal-inducing diet, CID) in drinking water for 4 weeks. Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 (CTAM groups) were fed the same CID as group 2, but were also treated with either potassium citrate or hydrochlorothiazide or allopurinol or magnesium hydroxide, for 4 weeks, respectively. We biochemically analyzed the 24-hour urine and serum samples. The renal calcium content was measured by atomic absorption. The kidneys were histologically examined for crystal deposit with HandE staining, and for OPN expression with immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: The grade of calcium oxalate crystal deposits, and renal calcium content, were significantly decreased in the CTAM groups compared to the CID group, which also correlated with the decreased expression of OPN proteins in the kidneys of the CTAM-treated rats. CTAM were all effective in preventing calcium oxalate crystal formation, and decreasing the expression of OPN in rat kidneys. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that CTAM are effective in preventing calcium oxalate stone formation, and that OPN plays an important role in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.
Absorption ; Administration, Oral* ; Adult ; Allopurinol* ; Ammonium Chloride ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate* ; Calcium* ; Citric Acid* ; Crystallization ; Diet ; Drinking Water ; Ethylene Glycol ; Hand ; Humans ; Hydrochlorothiazide ; Kidney ; Magnesium Hydroxide ; Magnesium* ; Nephrolithiasis ; Osteopontin* ; Potassium Citrate ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Urolithiasis*

OBJECTIVE: To explore the objective evidence of the corpus biochemical changes in rabbits for postmortem diagnosis of potassium intoxication. METHODS: Rabbits were sacrificed by Infusion of 0.3% KCl at full speed push or 1% KCl at 100 drip/min, respectively, with normal rabbits used as control. Cardiac blood and urine samples were collected before and after potassium infusion to examine the concentrations of various electrolytes (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, and HCO3-) and to observe the antemortem and postmortem biochemical changes. RESULTS: The mean lethal infusion time in the 0.3%KCl group was longer than that in the 1% KCl group (P = 0.006). The serum concentration of K+ increased while the serum concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, and HCO3- decreased after the infusion. There were no statistically significant differences in the whole blood concentration of K+ as well as the serum concentration of Mg2+ between the two groups (P = 0.062). There were statistically significant differences in the concentrations of whole blood K+, as well as serum Na+, Mg2+, and Cl-, but not in the serum K+, Ca2+, and HCO3-. There were no statistically significant differences seen in the urine volumes and the concentrations of all the urine electrolytes between the groups. CONCLUSION Examination of the concentrations of K+ both in the whole blood and serum, as well as Mg2+ in the serum may be helpful for postmortem diagnosis of potassium intoxication.
Animals ; Calcium/urine* ; Electrolytes/urine* ; Forensic Medicine/methods* ; Injections, Intravenous/methods* ; Magnesium/urine* ; Male ; Postmortem Changes ; Potassium/poisoning* ; Potassium Chloride/administration & dosage* ; Rabbits ; Sodium/urine*

No abstract available.
Eating* ; Gastric Mucosa* ; Hydrochloric Acid* ; Mucous Membrane*