PURPOSE: We evaluated the effects of amitiptyline, as one of the first-line therapies, on the nocturia of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between June 2005 and December 2006, 50 patients completed this study(Group I=20, Group II=14, Group III=16). Group I was treated with doxazocin 4mg, group II was treated with doxazocin 4mg and tolterodine 4mg and the third group was treated with doxazocin 4mg and amitriptyline 10mg. We measured the treatment efficacy, the clinical parameters and we examined three days of the voiding diaries at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment, respectively. RESULTS: After 4 weeks of treatment, all the patients had significant improvement for the International Prostate Symptom Score(IPSS) and the quality of life(QoL) score among the clinical parameters and they also showed improvement of their frequency of micturition per 24 hours, per night(nocturnal frequency) among the voiding diary parameters(p<0.05). For the post-treatment comparison of the nocturnal frequency, there was a significant difference between group I and group II as well as between group I and group III(p<0.05), and there was no difference between group II and group III(p>0.05). Although there was 1 case of mild dry-mouth in group II and 1 case of mild dry-mouth and drowsiness in group III, none of the patient dropped out due to side effects. CONCLUSIONS: We found significant improvement in the IPSS, the QoL score and the nocturnal frequency after treatment with amitriptyline 10mg. Therefore, amitriptyline 10mg would be helpful as a first-line therapy for BPH patients with nocturia.
Amitriptyline ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Cresols ; Humans ; Nocturia ; Phenylpropanolamine ; Prostate ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Sleep Stages ; Treatment Outcome ; Urination ; Tolterodine Tartrate

No abstract available.
Adipose Tissue* ; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic*

No abstract available.
Adipose Tissue* ; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic*

Recent clinical trials and meta-analyses have indicated that high-intensive statin treatment lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and reduces the risk of nonfatal cardiovascular (CV) events compared with moderate-intensity statin treatment. However, there are residual risks of CV events and safety concerns associated with high-intensity statin treatment. The Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial (IMPROVE-IT) study showed that ezetimibe plus moderate-intensity statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes incrementally lowers LDL-C levels and improved CV outcomes compared with moderate-intensity statin therapy. However, despite the LDL-C-lowering effects, a substantial residual CV risk still remains, which includes other lipid abnormalities such as low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The most representative agents that primarily increase HDL-C are cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors. Until now, 4 CETP inhibitors, including torcetrapib, dalcetrapib, evacetrapib, and anacetrapib, have been introduced and all have significantly raised the HDL-C from 30% to 133%. However, the results for CV outcomes in clinical trials differed, based on the 4 agents. Torcetrapib increased the risk of CV events and total mortality in patients at high CV risk (ILLUMINATE trial). Dalcetrapib and evacetrapib did not result in lower rate of CV events in patients with recent acute coronary syndrome and high risk vascular disease, respectively (dal-OUTCOMES and ACCELERATE trials). However, anacetrapib significantly decreased the incidence of major coronary events in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease (REVEAL trial). This topic summarizes the major results of recent statin and CETP inhibitor trials and provides framework to interpret and implement the trial results in real clinical practice.
Acute Coronary Syndrome ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins ; Dyslipidemias ; Ezetimibe ; Ezetimibe, Simvastatin Drug Combination ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors* ; Incidence ; Lipoproteins ; Mortality ; Vascular Diseases

To evaluate the difference of concentration and mutagenicity of organic pollutants between residential and traffic area of Seoul, air samples were collected in Bulkwang (residential) and Shinchon (traffic) area. Samples were analyzed to measure the concentration of extractable organic matters (EOM) and their subfractions and mutagenicites were tested using Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also measured by gas-chromatography and compared between two areas. The results were as follows ; 1. While the concentration of total suspended particulate (TSP) in residental area was below the environmental standard in annual average, the concentration in traffic area was above the standard and was up to its maximum 256 microgram/m3 in November. The difference of TSP concentrations in both areas of each month was statistically significant (P<0.05). 2. The concentration of fine particle in traffic area was significantly higher compare to that in residential area and showed statistically significant monthly difference in both areas (P<0.05). The proportion of concentration of fine particle to TSP was 55-68%. 3. Mean concentrations of EOM in residential and traffic areas were 4.3 microgram/m3 and 5.3 microgram/m3 respectively. The proportion of amount of EOM from fine particle to EOM from TSP was 70-88%. 4. While the percentage of polar neutral organic compounds (POCN) of fine particle in Bulkwang's sample was higher compare to Shinchon's sample, the percentage of aliphatic compounds of fine particle in Shinchon's sample was higher compare to Bulkwang's sample. The percentages of PAH fraction were as low as 6-10% in both areas. 5. The mutagenic activity of unit concentration of organic matters extracted from fine particle was higher compare to that of coarse particle and was increased when metabolically activated with S9. Mutagenicities with metabolic activation calculated by unit air volume were significantly different between residential and traffic area, 17 revertants/m3 and 22 revertants/m3 respectively. 6. The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene in fine particle of traffic and residential areas were 3.10 microgram/m3 and 2.02 microgram/m3 respectively. Sixteen PAHs were higher in samples of traffic area compare to residential area and also concentrations of PAHs in fine particle were higher compare to coarse particle.
Benzo(a)pyrene ; Biotransformation ; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Seoul*

OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to determine whether or not pine needles can be used as passive samplers of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using the correlation between accumulated PAH concentrations in air (Ca, ng/m3) and those deposited on pine needles (Cp, ng/g dry). METHODS: PAHs in ambient air was collected using low volume PUF sampler and pine needles was gathered at same place for 7 months. RESULTS: good correlation (R2=0.8582, p<0.05) was found between Ca and Cp for PAHs with a higher gaseous state in air (AcPy, Acp, Flu, Phen, Ant, Flt, Pyr, BaA and Chry), but there was a poorer correlation (R2=0.1491, p=0.5123) for the PAHs with a lower gaseous state (BbF, BkF, BaP, DahA, BghiP and Ind123). A positive correlation (R2=0.8542) was revealed between the logarithm of the octanol-air partitioning coefficient (logKoa) and Cp/Ca for the PAHs with a higher gaseous state in air, but there was a negative correlation (R2=0.8131) for the PAHs with a lower gaseous state. The Ca-Cp model could not be used to estimate PAHs concentrations in air using deposited PAHs concentrations on pine needles, but the logKoa-Cp/Ca model could be used. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that pine needles can be used as passive samplers of atmospheric PAHs.
Ants ; Hypogonadism ; Mitochondrial Diseases ; Needles ; Ophthalmoplegia ; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

BACKGROUNDStatins and ezetimibe have been reported to change the balance of cholesterol metabolism, but few studies have been performed on Chinese patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in cholesterol metabolism markers in patients with coronary heart disease.

METHODSForty-five patients with coronary heart disease were treated with 20 mg/d of simvastatin for four weeks. Subjects were then divided into two different therapy groups according to whether they reached the target values for total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Patients who reached the target values remained on simvastatin and those who did not reach the target values took a combination of simvastatin plus 10 mg/d ezetimibe until the 12th week. The concentrations of cholesterol synthesis markers (lathosterol and desmosterol) and absorption markers (campesterol and sitosterol) were measured on the 1st, 4th, and 12th week of the study by gas chromatography.

RESULTSAfter treatment with simvastatin for four weeks, the levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly compared to levels measured during the 1st week (P < 0.05). On the 12th week the levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol had decreased significantly (P < 0.001) compared to levels during the 4th week. By the 12th week the levels of campesterol and sitosterol in the combination group had decreased significantly (P < 0.05) compared with levels measured during the 4th week.

CONCLUSIONSCoronary heart disease patients with high cholesterol synthesis at baseline might gain a greater benefit from simvastatin treatment. Combination therapy with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with low cholesterol synthesis at baseline might increase the success rate of lipid-lowering through decreasing the absorption of cholesterol.

Adult ; Aged ; Azetidines ; administration & dosage ; Cholesterol ; metabolism ; Cholesterol, LDL ; blood ; Coronary Disease ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Ezetimibe ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Simvastatin ; administration & dosage

Results from an innovative approach to improve remediation in the rhizosphere by encouraging healthy plant growth and thus enhancing microbial activity are reported. The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Am) on remediation efficacy of wheat, mungbean and eggplant grown in soil spiked with polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was assessed in a pot experiment. The results of this study showed that Am inoculation enhanced dissipation amount of PAHs in planted soil, plant uptake PAHs, dissipation amount of PAHs in planted versus unplanted spiked soil and loss of PAHs by the plant-promoted biodegradation. A number of parameters were monitored including plant shoot and root dry weight, plant tissue water content, plant chlorophyll, root lipid content, oxido-reductase enzyme activities in plant and soil rhizosphere and total microbial count in the rhizospheric soil. The observed physiological data indicate that plant growth and tolerance increased with Am, but reduced by PAH. This was reflected by levels of mycorrhizal root colonization which were higher for mungbean, moderate for wheat and low for eggplant. Levels of Am colonization increased on mungbean > wheat > eggplant. This is consistent with the efficacy of plant in dissipation of PAHs in spiked soil. Highly significant positive correlations were shown between of arbuscular formation in root segments (A)) and plant water content, root lipids, peroxidase, catalase polyphenol oxidase and total microbial count in soil rhizosphere as well as PAH dissipation in spiked soil. As consequence of the treatment with Am, the plants provide a greater sink for the contaminants since they are better able to survive and grow.
Biodegradation, Environmental* ; Catalase ; Catechol Oxidase ; Chlorophyll ; Colon ; Fungi* ; Hydrocarbons ; Hydrocarbons, Aromatic* ; Peroxidase ; Plant Shoots ; Plants ; Rhizosphere* ; Soil* ; Solanum melongena ; Triticum

OBJECTIVE: In this study, the exposure levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OHP) were surveyed among the workers using coal tar paint. METHOD: The study subjects for the exposed group were 107 male coal tar workers in 10 factories, and for the comparison group were 201 male clerk workers who had never been exposed to coal tar paint. Ambient PAHs, and pre-shift and end-shift urinary 1-OHP were sample and 16 PAHs were analysed. Smoking history was recorded during the survey day. RESULTS: The geometric mean of ambient concentration of total PAHs was 120.17 microgram/m3. Naphthalene had the highest level among the 16 PAHs. The pre-shift 1-OHP in the exposed group (8.89 micro mol/mol creatinine) was significantly higher than that in the control group (0.29 micro mol/mol creatinine). The end-shift 1-OHP in the exposed group (19.02 micro mol/mol creatinine) was significantly higher than that in the pre-shift (8.89 micro mol/mol creatinine) (Ed- confirm). 1-OHP of smokers was significantly higher than that of non-smokers in both groups. The difference between pre-shift and end-shift 1-OHP in smokers (12.40 micro mol/mol creatinine) was twice as high as that in non-smokers (6.06 micro mol/mol creatinine). The difference of 1-OHP between smokers and nonsmokers was 7.59 micro mol/mol creatinine in pre-shift and 13.96 micro mol/mol creatinine in end-shift. Thus, the effect of smoking and exposure to PAHs on 1-OHP may not be additive. In regression analysis for 1-OHP, the significant independent variables were pre-shift 1-OHP and PAHs. The direction of these variables was positive. When the analysis was performed in workers exposed to higher PAHs, smoking was significant independent variable. CONCLUSION: The above results suggest that not only ambient PAHs but also smoking, one of the most important non-occupational PAHs source, influenced the level of 1-OHP. Moreover, the effect of smoking to 1-OHP changed according to the exposure level of PAHs.
Coal Tar* ; Coal* ; Creatinine ; Humans ; Male ; Paint* ; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic* ; Smoke ; Smoking

Gasoline is a chemical compound of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and it easily vaporizes because of its volatile characteristics. Gasoline inhalation may occur accidentally or intentionally in various situations which could result in acute non-lethal or lethal intoxication. Given that gasoline is widely used in everyday life, it is surprising that deaths related to gasoline inhalation rarely occur. We presented a rare case of unexpected death related to gasoline inhalation with the postmortem findings and features.
Autopsy ; Death, Sudden ; Forensic Toxicology ; Gasoline* ; Hydrocarbons, Aromatic ; Inhalation* ; Intention ; Poisoning