There are three different kinds of aphakic corrections as glasses, contact lens and intraocular lens. In this paper we analyse the 20 aphakic patients who had operations during the past four years in our hospital by the intracapsular cataract extraction technique. 10 patients(50%) are using aphakic glasses and 8 patients(40%) are contact lens wearers and remained 2 person are non-corrected monocular aphakics. Among the CL wearers most of them have occupations. Glass wearers are increased in number parallel with the increasing their ages. Most of the aphakic patients have good visual corrections and satisfied with their present corrective measures.
Cataract Extraction ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Occupations

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the epidemic pyrogenic reactions that occurred hospital-widely in 51 patients on 30-31 Mar. 1995 at a tertiary, educational, and acute care hospital. METHODS: The remained intravenous (IV) drugs and IV fluids that were infused to patients (N=51) who developed pyrogenic reactions were cultured and tested pyrogenic matter. Pyrogenic test was done by Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (PyrotellRMA,USA). RESULTS: IV normal saline 50 cc bottles (AAXSAT and AAX5AV) those were collected being used from case patients, and new bottles stocked in the drug storage were positive to pyrogenic test. Used normal saline collected from case patients were cultured coagulase-negative Staphylococus. Moreover the company, manufacturer of these fluids reported the positive pyrogenic test on these IV fluids (AAXSAT and AAX5AV). CONCLUSION: This epidemic was a pyrogenic reaction for infused the intrinsic contaminated fluid with pyrogen. We could prevent not the additional pyrogenic reactions in study hospital but national wide epidemics to apply the rapid and well-designed epidemic investigation and infection control.
Bacteremia ; Cross Infection ; Drug Storage ; Horseshoe Crabs ; Humans ; Infection Control

PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to identify useful predictors for diagnosing bacterial meningitis and performing CSF studies in febrile infants three months or younger. METHODS:Six hundred and fifty two febrile infants with a rectal temperature > or =38.0 degreesC presented from January 2003 to April 2008 and were retrospectively studied. The total white blood cell count (WBC), band count, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), quantitative C-reactive protein (CRP) and blood cultures were performed on admission. The clinical variables associated with bacterial meningitis were analyzed. RESULTS:In patients with bacterial meningitis, the clinical variables including CRP (P= 0.036), band count (P=0.037), ANC (P=0.036) and age (P=0.001) were significantly different. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.969 for CRP, 0.946 for the band count, 0.765 for the ANC and 0.235 for age. A CRP cutoff point of 8 mg/dL was determined to maximize both the sensitivity and specificity (sensitivity 83%, specificity 95%, likelihood ratio 16.6). A CRP concentration of <7 mg/dL "ruled-out" bacterial meningitis, with a likelihood ratio of 0.17, a posttest probability of <0.1% and negative predictive value 91%. A CRP concentration greater than 9 mg/dL had a much higher likelihood ratio (20.1) than the band count (16.6) and ANC (2.2). CONCLUSION:The CRP concentration was a useful laboratory test for the differential diagnosis of bacterial meningitis among febrile infants three months of age or younger. A CRP concentration of<7 mg/dL effectively ruled out bacterial meningitis; a value > or =9 mg/dL increased the clinical suspicion of bacterial meningitis and the need for CSF evaluation.
Aged ; C-Reactive Protein ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Fever ; Humans ; Infant ; Leukocyte Count ; Meningitis ; Meningitis, Bacterial ; Neutrophils ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity

PURPOSE: Intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG) is an established and effective therapy for the superficial bladder carcinoma. The viability of BCG is crucial for the induction of a local immune response as well as effective therapy of recurrent superfical bladder carcinoma. Lubricants are used to facilitate catheterization during intravesical instillation of BCG. Moreover bacteriostatic components contained in them have potential to reduce the viability of the BCG. To verify this assumption, inhibitory effect of four commercially available lubricants on the BCG growth was analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Four different lubricants and their components were co-incubated with Connaught strain BCG and the resultant growth of BCG was assessed. RESULTS: Significant impairment of BCG viability with lubricants was noted. Chlorhexidine digluconate which is the component of lubricant was considered as responsible for this inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: During intravesical BCG, lubricants might reduce the number of viable BCG in clinical use. For this reason, during intravesical immunotherapy with BCG small amounts of lubricants should be used for urethral catheterization and use of lubricant which does not contain bacteriostatic agent should be considered.
Administration, Intravesical ; Bacillus* ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Chlorhexidine ; Immunotherapy ; Lubricants ; Mycobacterium bovis ; Thiram ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Catheterization ; Urinary Catheters

No abstract available.
Diagnosis* ; DNA*

Dermoid is a kind of choristoma and rare congenital benign tumor. It is ugly in appearance and especially dermoid appears at corneal limbus. The above 2 cases which we report invade cornea and it is especially giant compared with the report which has been reported untill now.
Choristoma ; Cornea ; Dermoid Cyst* ; Limbus Corneae

No abstract available.
Blood Platelets* ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel* ; Flow Cytometry* ; Membrane Glycoproteins* ; Membranes* ; Thrombasthenia*

The purpose of this study was to analyse the current adult nursing curriculum content in diploma and baccaleurate level nursing schools. The Study was initiated by the Korean Academic Society of Adult Nursing and data were collected from these institutions from March 1997 to April 1998. The questionnaire was constructed after several meetings of researchers which included course description, objectives, conceptual framework, credits(theory and practicum), number of teaching staffs, content and hours for each content. The questionnaire was sent to all of the nursing schools(41 baccalaureate and 62 diploma) in the nation and the response rate were 53.7% in baccalaureate and 25.8% in diploma schools. Primary analysis was took place during summer workship of 1997 Korean Academic Society of Adult Nursing. The second analysis was carried out after additional data of detailed content and hours in adult nursing course were obtained from the schools. The result of primary analysis were as below : 1) The consensus in philosophy of adult nursing was drawn. The client of adult nursing was defined as individual over 18 years who has psychological, physical, social and spiritual aspects and interacting with environment. The client is a member of family and community. The students who finished the course should be able to adapt nursing process to their clients, and improve quality of life. The client, nursing process and nursing were common concepts which included in their conceptual framework. 2) Theory credits ranged 9-18(mean 14.1), practicum credits ranged 5-12(mean 8.1). The number of teaching staffs ranged from 2-6(mean 3.2). 3) The content which most hours assigned to were neuro/endocrine(mean 30.8 hours) gastrointestinal(mean 28.4 hours), cardiovascular(mean 28.6 hours) and respiratory(mean 22.7 hours) systems. 4) Areas taught by other profession(mostly physician) were eye, ear, nose, throat integumentary, radiation therapy, neuromuscular, rehabilitation, respiratory physiology, male genitourinary, pathology and anesthesiology. 5) Contents overlap with other course content should be rearranged in each school curriculums. Improvement of RN national board examination is prerequsite in order to improve adult nursing education in Korea. The result of second analysis were as below : 1) Credits required for graduation were 130-175 in baccalaureate, 93-134 in diploma. Thirteen to Twenty-eight percent of total credits required for nursing major were credits of adult nursing. 2) Mean hours of total adult nursing lecture were 217 in baccalareuate and 212 in diploma. 3) Disease process occupied more hours than nursing process in adult nursing theory. It is suggested to include all nursing educational institutions in order to complete the survey, to delineate the core contents of adult nursing and rate of hours between theory and practise by Korean Academic Society of Adult Nursing.
Adult* ; Anesthesiology ; Consensus ; Curriculum* ; Ear ; Education, Nursing ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Nose ; Nursing Process ; Nursing Theory ; Nursing* ; Pathology ; Pharynx ; Philosophy ; Quality of Life ; Rehabilitation ; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena ; Schools, Nursing ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Anemia is a common clinical feature in chronic renal failure(CRF) patients. The primary cause of anemia in CRF is a deficiency of erythropoietin which is normally produced in the kidney. Erythropoietin therapy for correcting anemia has greatly increased the well-being of CRF patients and decreased cardiac morbidity. In Korea approximately 40% of CRF population on maintenance dialysis are using recombinant human erythropoietin(rhEPO). Commercially available rhEPO used in Korea is imported from abroad. Recently LG Chemical Co., produced rhEPO. In this study we evaluated the effect of LG-rhEPO on anemia in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. A total of 23 normal male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. A two-stage 5/6 nephrectomy was performed under ether anesthesia in 15 rats(group 1), additional 4 rats underwent sham operation(group 2). 4 normal rats served as normal control(group 3). rhEPO was injected subcutaneously 8 weeks after surgery. To evaluate the dose effect of rhEPO 250 IU/kg/day was injected in 2 rats, 500IU/kg/day in 4 rats, and 1000 IU/kg/day in 4 rats in group 1. To exclude the effect of LG-rhEPO vehicle, PBS, the same amount of PBS was injected in 4 rats in group 1. One rat each in groups 2 and 3 received rhEPO 250 IU/kg/day, 500 IU/kg/day, 1000 IU/kg /day, and PBS. rhEPO or PBS were injected daily in the first week, every other day in the second week and twice a week in the third week. Body weight and hematocrit level were observed weekly for the initial 8 weeks of observation period and then every other day for 3 weeks of injection and 1 week after discontinuation of injection, and BUN level every week during the study period. Body weight progressively increased in 3 groups. BUN level increased 1 week after 5/6 nephrectomy in group 1 and was stable in group 2 and 3. Hct level was significantly lower after 2 weeks of nephrectomy in group 1. Hct decreased transiently for the first week after sham operation and then returned to the baseline value in group 2. No significant change in Hct level was observed in group 3. After injection of rhEPO, Hct level increased significantly at 2 days in all 3 groups. Hct level increased significanly at 2 days in all 3 groups. Hct did not change in 3 groups with PBS injecion. In conclusion LG-rhEPO is effective in correcting anemia in animal model of CRF. A further study to evaluate the effect rhEPO on anemia in CRF patients and longterm consequences are required.
Anemia* ; Anesthesia ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Dialysis ; Erythropoietin ; Ether ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Kidney ; Korea ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Nephrectomy ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Although many improvements have been made in surgical technique, as well as preoperative and postoperative care, the pancreaticoduodenectomy remains a technically difficult procedure attended by relatively high morbidity and mortality rates. This study concerns a total of 43 patients that underwent a pancreaticojejunostomy using a polyethylene stent by the Dunking method in a pancreaticoduodenectomy at Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital from January 1990 to December 1996. The results obtained are as follows:1) In our study, there were 13 patients with pancreatic head cancer, 11 patients with ampulla of Vater cancer, 5 patients with distal common bile duct cancer, 4 patients with duodenal cancer, 3 patients with chronic pancreatitis, 3 patients with trauma, 3 patients with a choledochal cyst, 1 patient with stomach cancer. 2) There were 23 men (53.5%) and 20 women (46.5%). 3) Postoperative complications developed in 25 patients (58.1%). Of the complications, bleeding was the most commonly observed, after which, in order of frequency, wound infection, leakage at the anastomotic site, intestinal obstruction, and intraabdominal abscess were also observed. 4) The overall operative mortality was 13.9% (excluding emergency cases, mortality was 7.5 %). Four patients died of intraabdominal or gastrointestinal bleeding, one patient died of pancreatic leakage, and one of hepatic failure. 5) Transfusion during the operation (above 5 pints) was significantly correlated with operative morbidity. Preoperative percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) with serum bilirubin greater than 10 mg/dl significantly decreased the operative morbidity. 6) A prothrombin time more than 13.9 second, serum albumin less than 3.0 g/dl, and an emergency operation were significantly correlated with operative mortality.
Abscess ; Ampulla of Vater ; Bilirubin ; Choledochal Cyst ; Common Bile Duct ; Drainage ; Duodenal Neoplasms ; Emergencies ; Female ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Intestinal Obstruction ; Liver Failure ; Male ; Mortality* ; Pancreaticoduodenectomy* ; Pancreaticojejunostomy* ; Pancreatitis, Chronic ; Polyethylene ; Postoperative Care ; Postoperative Complications ; Prothrombin Time ; Serum Albumin ; Stents* ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Wound Infection