Overhead athletes often suffer from elbow injuries due to repetitive throwing movements. In particular, in the baseball pitching motion, a high shear torque generated in the late corking and early acceleration stage causes tensile loads on the medial elbow and shear force on the posterior of the elbow. These repetitive movements can lead to valgus extension overload syndrome. The valgus extension overload syndrome mainly occurs in overhead athletes, and is characterized by limited elbow flexion and pain at the end of extension. It is necessary to differentiate from the stress fracture or the avulsion fracture of the olecranon which complain of posterior elbow pain through computed tomography. The treatment is primarily rehabilitation that restricts the elbow motion. If refractory or mechanical symptoms persist, arthroscopic surgery may be an effective treatment modality for the removal of the osteophytes. In the surgical field, it is desirable to reconstruct the medial collateral ligament when it is confirmed that the ligament is ruptured. Patients who underwent arthroscopic removal of olecranon osteophytes had immediate active elbow exercises and for 3 months were prohibited from pitching exercises. During this period, they were rehabilitated with the focus on strengthening muscles around the scapula, rotator cuff and shoulder. After 3 months, the pitching exercise is gradually started. Six months after the operation, the elbow strength should be restored to the level at which the game starts. Patients who underwent a combined ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, half pitching are allowed at 6 months.
Acceleration ; Arthroscopy ; Athletes* ; Baseball ; Collateral Ligaments ; Elbow* ; Exercise ; Fractures, Stress ; Humans ; Ligaments ; Muscles ; Olecranon Process ; Osteophyte ; Rehabilitation ; Rotator Cuff ; Scapula ; Shoulder ; Torque

A proximal humeral fracture is an osteoporotic fracture that often occurs in elderly women. Approximately 80% of all proximal humeral fractures are non-displaced fractures, which can be treated with conservative treatment to achieve stable union. The treatment plan for fractures involving displaced and comminuted fractures is controversial. Malunion, avascular necrosis of the humeral head, and shoulder stiffness due to conservative treatment can occur but the functional deterioration is low and the patient satisfaction is high. The indications for the conservative management of proximal humeral fractures include a non-displaced fracture and a 2-part fracture, low-functional demanded 3-part fracture, and operative-limited 4-part fracture. Recently, the surgical indications have expanded as technological advances in surgical fixation methods and functional needs of elderly patients are increasing. Current treatment policy decisions tend to be determined by the personal preference and expert opinion rather than by evidence-based decision-making.
Aged ; Expert Testimony ; Female ; Fractures, Comminuted ; Humans ; Humeral Head ; Humerus ; Necrosis ; Osteoporotic Fractures ; Patient Satisfaction ; Shoulder ; Shoulder Fractures