Following the previous study, which investigated the pharmacological properties of the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m), the toxicity of a single intravenous administration of the Technekittyinjection (Tc-99m) and the side effects that may occur at the diagnostic dose were confirmed.The Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) was administered intravenously once at a dose of 0, 0.67, 2.0, and 6.0 mCi/kg to 5 male and female rats per group. Mortality, general symptom obser-vation, and weight measurement were performed for 2 weeks, followed by observation of autopsy findings. There were no deaths, and no statistically significant weight change was observed. No abnormal systemic signs related to the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) were observed. These results confirmed that Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) can be safely admin-istered intravenously at doses up to 6.0 mCi/kg. Additionally, technetium-99m at an average dose of 2 mCi (74 MBq) has been verified as a diagnostic dose without adverse effects, al-lowing the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) to be used safely without side effects at this dosage.This study demonstrates that the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) has a wide safety margin, supporting its potential for clinical application. Moreover, these findings align with the nonclin-ical safety standards for radiopharmaceuticals, reinforcing its utility in veterinary medicine.The Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) is expected to be applicable for clinical diagnosis as a vet-erinary drug in Korea.

Thyroid scanning using technetium-99m ( 99mTc) is the gold standard for diagnosing feline hyperthyroidism. In cats with an overactive thyroid, a thyroid scan is the most appropriate imaging technique to detect and localize any hyperfunctional adenomatous thyroid tissue. In this study, the pharmacological properties of the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m), developed as a diagnostic agent for feline hyperthyroidism using 99mTc as an active ingredient, were tested in FRTL-5 thyroid follicular cell line and ICR mice. The percentage of cell uptake of the Tc-99m in FRTL-5 thyroid cells was 0.182 ± 0.018%, which was about 6 times higher compared to Clone 9 hepatocytes. This uptake decreased by 38.2% due to competitive inhibition by iodine (sodium iodide). In tissue distribution tests by using ICR mice, the highest distribution was observed in the liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, and femur at 0.083 hours after administration, and this distribution decreased as the compound was excreted through the kidneys, the pri-mary excretory organ. Maximum distribution was confirmed at 1 hour in the small intestine, 6hours in the large intestine, and 2 hours in the thyroid gland. Additionally, the total amount excreted through urine and feces over 48 hours (2 days) was 78.80% of the injected dose, with 37.70% (47.84% of the total excretion) excreted through urine and 41.10% (52.16% of the total excretion) through feces. In conclusion, the Tc-99m has the same mechanism of action, potency, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics as 99mTc used for feline hyperthyroidism in the United States, Europe, and other countries, because the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) contains 99mTc as its sole active ingredient. Based on these results, the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) is expected to be safely used in the clinical diagnosis of feline hyperthyroidism.

Background: Several studies have investigated factors affecting patient satisfaction after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR); however, it is unknown if these factors vary according to age. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with satisfaction of ARCR in individuals 70 years and older versus younger patients. Methods: Among 319 consecutive patients who underwent ARCR, 173 were included. Patients were divided into an old age group (≥70 years) and a young age group (<70 years), and the two age groups were further divided into satisfied and unsatisfied subgroups. Patient satisfaction was evaluated at the final follow-up visit using a binary question (yes or no). Clinical outcomes were assessed preoperatively and at the final follow-up. Results: Satisfaction rates in the older and younger age groups were 75.41% and 79.47%, respectively. Mean changes in Constant and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores were significantly different between the satisfied and unsatisfied subgroups (P=0.031 and P=0.012, respectively) in the young patients. In the old patients, there was a significant difference in the mean change in depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (P=0.031) and anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (P=0.044) scores between the satisfied and unsatisfied subgroups. Conclusions Factors affecting patient satisfaction after ARCR differed according to age. Psychological improvement was more important to elderly patients, whereas restoration of function was more important to younger patients. Pain relief was important for both age groups.Level of evidence: III.

Background: Despite the proven effectiveness of oral antivirals against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in randomized trials, their clinical reevaluation is vital in the context of widespread immunity and milder prevalent variants. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of oral antivirals for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: This retrospective cohort study utilized a target trial emulation framework to analyze patients with COVID-19 aged 60+ from January to December 2022. Data were obtained from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency and Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. The study involved 957,036 patients treated with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and 243,360 treated with molnupiravir, each compared with the matched control groups. Primary outcome was progression to critical COVID-19 requiring advanced respiratory support. Secondary outcomes included progression to severe COVID-19, need for supplemental oxygen, and death within 30 days of the onset of COVID-19.Number needed to treat (NNT) derived from the absolute risk reduction. Results: Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir was significantly associated with a reduced risk of severe (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.823; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.803–0.843), critical (aOR, 0.560; 95% CI, 0.503–0.624), and fatal COVID-19 (aOR, 0.694; 95% CI, 0.647–0.744).Similarly, molnupiravir reduced the risk of severe (aOR, 0.895; 95% CI, 0.856–0.937), critical (aOR, 0.672; 95% CI, 0.559–0.807), and fatal cases (aOR, 0.679; 95% CI, 0.592–0.779).NNTs for nirmatrelvir/ritonavir were 203.71 (severe), 1,230.12 (critical), and 691.50 (death);for molnupiravir, they were 352.70 (severe), 1,398.62 (critical), and 862.98 (death). Higher effectiveness was associated with older adults, unvaccinated individuals, and the late pandemic phase. Conclusion Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir are effective in preventing progression to severe disease in elderly adults with COVID-19.

Following the previous study, which investigated the pharmacological properties of the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m), the toxicity of a single intravenous administration of the Technekittyinjection (Tc-99m) and the side effects that may occur at the diagnostic dose were confirmed.The Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) was administered intravenously once at a dose of 0, 0.67, 2.0, and 6.0 mCi/kg to 5 male and female rats per group. Mortality, general symptom obser-vation, and weight measurement were performed for 2 weeks, followed by observation of autopsy findings. There were no deaths, and no statistically significant weight change was observed. No abnormal systemic signs related to the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) were observed. These results confirmed that Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) can be safely admin-istered intravenously at doses up to 6.0 mCi/kg. Additionally, technetium-99m at an average dose of 2 mCi (74 MBq) has been verified as a diagnostic dose without adverse effects, al-lowing the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) to be used safely without side effects at this dosage.This study demonstrates that the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) has a wide safety margin, supporting its potential for clinical application. Moreover, these findings align with the nonclin-ical safety standards for radiopharmaceuticals, reinforcing its utility in veterinary medicine.The Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) is expected to be applicable for clinical diagnosis as a vet-erinary drug in Korea.

Thyroid scanning using technetium-99m ( 99mTc) is the gold standard for diagnosing feline hyperthyroidism. In cats with an overactive thyroid, a thyroid scan is the most appropriate imaging technique to detect and localize any hyperfunctional adenomatous thyroid tissue. In this study, the pharmacological properties of the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m), developed as a diagnostic agent for feline hyperthyroidism using 99mTc as an active ingredient, were tested in FRTL-5 thyroid follicular cell line and ICR mice. The percentage of cell uptake of the Tc-99m in FRTL-5 thyroid cells was 0.182 ± 0.018%, which was about 6 times higher compared to Clone 9 hepatocytes. This uptake decreased by 38.2% due to competitive inhibition by iodine (sodium iodide). In tissue distribution tests by using ICR mice, the highest distribution was observed in the liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, and femur at 0.083 hours after administration, and this distribution decreased as the compound was excreted through the kidneys, the pri-mary excretory organ. Maximum distribution was confirmed at 1 hour in the small intestine, 6hours in the large intestine, and 2 hours in the thyroid gland. Additionally, the total amount excreted through urine and feces over 48 hours (2 days) was 78.80% of the injected dose, with 37.70% (47.84% of the total excretion) excreted through urine and 41.10% (52.16% of the total excretion) through feces. In conclusion, the Tc-99m has the same mechanism of action, potency, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics as 99mTc used for feline hyperthyroidism in the United States, Europe, and other countries, because the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) contains 99mTc as its sole active ingredient. Based on these results, the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) is expected to be safely used in the clinical diagnosis of feline hyperthyroidism.

Background: Several studies have investigated factors affecting patient satisfaction after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR); however, it is unknown if these factors vary according to age. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with satisfaction of ARCR in individuals 70 years and older versus younger patients. Methods: Among 319 consecutive patients who underwent ARCR, 173 were included. Patients were divided into an old age group (≥70 years) and a young age group (<70 years), and the two age groups were further divided into satisfied and unsatisfied subgroups. Patient satisfaction was evaluated at the final follow-up visit using a binary question (yes or no). Clinical outcomes were assessed preoperatively and at the final follow-up. Results: Satisfaction rates in the older and younger age groups were 75.41% and 79.47%, respectively. Mean changes in Constant and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores were significantly different between the satisfied and unsatisfied subgroups (P=0.031 and P=0.012, respectively) in the young patients. In the old patients, there was a significant difference in the mean change in depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (P=0.031) and anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (P=0.044) scores between the satisfied and unsatisfied subgroups. Conclusions Factors affecting patient satisfaction after ARCR differed according to age. Psychological improvement was more important to elderly patients, whereas restoration of function was more important to younger patients. Pain relief was important for both age groups.Level of evidence: III.

Background: Several studies have investigated factors affecting patient satisfaction after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR); however, it is unknown if these factors vary according to age. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with satisfaction of ARCR in individuals 70 years and older versus younger patients. Methods: Among 319 consecutive patients who underwent ARCR, 173 were included. Patients were divided into an old age group (≥70 years) and a young age group (<70 years), and the two age groups were further divided into satisfied and unsatisfied subgroups. Patient satisfaction was evaluated at the final follow-up visit using a binary question (yes or no). Clinical outcomes were assessed preoperatively and at the final follow-up. Results: Satisfaction rates in the older and younger age groups were 75.41% and 79.47%, respectively. Mean changes in Constant and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores were significantly different between the satisfied and unsatisfied subgroups (P=0.031 and P=0.012, respectively) in the young patients. In the old patients, there was a significant difference in the mean change in depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (P=0.031) and anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (P=0.044) scores between the satisfied and unsatisfied subgroups. Conclusions Factors affecting patient satisfaction after ARCR differed according to age. Psychological improvement was more important to elderly patients, whereas restoration of function was more important to younger patients. Pain relief was important for both age groups.Level of evidence: III.

Background: Several studies have investigated factors affecting patient satisfaction after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR); however, it is unknown if these factors vary according to age. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with satisfaction of ARCR in individuals 70 years and older versus younger patients. Methods: Among 319 consecutive patients who underwent ARCR, 173 were included. Patients were divided into an old age group (≥70 years) and a young age group (<70 years), and the two age groups were further divided into satisfied and unsatisfied subgroups. Patient satisfaction was evaluated at the final follow-up visit using a binary question (yes or no). Clinical outcomes were assessed preoperatively and at the final follow-up. Results: Satisfaction rates in the older and younger age groups were 75.41% and 79.47%, respectively. Mean changes in Constant and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores were significantly different between the satisfied and unsatisfied subgroups (P=0.031 and P=0.012, respectively) in the young patients. In the old patients, there was a significant difference in the mean change in depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (P=0.031) and anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (P=0.044) scores between the satisfied and unsatisfied subgroups. Conclusions Factors affecting patient satisfaction after ARCR differed according to age. Psychological improvement was more important to elderly patients, whereas restoration of function was more important to younger patients. Pain relief was important for both age groups.Level of evidence: III.

Following the previous study, which investigated the pharmacological properties of the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m), the toxicity of a single intravenous administration of the Technekittyinjection (Tc-99m) and the side effects that may occur at the diagnostic dose were confirmed.The Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) was administered intravenously once at a dose of 0, 0.67, 2.0, and 6.0 mCi/kg to 5 male and female rats per group. Mortality, general symptom obser-vation, and weight measurement were performed for 2 weeks, followed by observation of autopsy findings. There were no deaths, and no statistically significant weight change was observed. No abnormal systemic signs related to the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) were observed. These results confirmed that Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) can be safely admin-istered intravenously at doses up to 6.0 mCi/kg. Additionally, technetium-99m at an average dose of 2 mCi (74 MBq) has been verified as a diagnostic dose without adverse effects, al-lowing the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) to be used safely without side effects at this dosage.This study demonstrates that the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) has a wide safety margin, supporting its potential for clinical application. Moreover, these findings align with the nonclin-ical safety standards for radiopharmaceuticals, reinforcing its utility in veterinary medicine.The Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) is expected to be applicable for clinical diagnosis as a vet-erinary drug in Korea.