Mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) and the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome are passed down, unaltered, from generation to generation, matrilineally and patrilineally, respectively. Therefore, the Y-chromosome DNA and mtDNA are known as lineage markers, and they play important roles in studies based on human migration and evolutionary history. Y-chromosome DNA is used in forensic analysis to identify individuals involved in cases of sexual assault. In this paper, we review the methods of statistical evaluation of lineage markers used in forensic identification. We also review the combined approach of autosomal and lineage marker evidence.
DNA ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Human Migration ; Y Chromosome

No abstract available.
Hyperaldosteronism*

This is a case report of "Top of the basilar" syndrome with left subclavian occlusion in 25 year old man who shows typical symptoms of vertebral-basilar insufficiency including pseudosizth, upward gaze palsy, cerebellar symptoms and somnolence, etc.
Adult ; Humans ; Paralysis ; Subclavian Artery*

This is a case report of "Top of the basilar" syndrome with left subclavian occlusion in 25 year old man who shows typical symptoms of vertebral-basilar insufficiency including pseudosizth, upward gaze palsy, cerebellar symptoms and somnolence, etc.
Adult ; Humans ; Paralysis ; Subclavian Artery*

PURPOSE: The association between the margin status and the risk of a local recurrence (LR) after breast conservation therapy (BCT) is controversial. In addition, the width of the resection margin that minimizes the risk of LR is unknown. This study examined the interaction between the margin width, tumor characteristics, and adjuvant systemic therapy on the risk of LR after BCT. METHODS: The records of 348 women with T1 and T2 breast cancers, who were treated with BCT between 1997 and 2004, were reviewed. Patients who underwent a re-excision with a positive margin were excluded. The margin was classified as close (< or =5 mm tumor-free margin) or negative (>5mm tumor-free margin). Various clinical and pathologic factors were analyzed as potential prognostic factors for LR in addition to the margin width. RESULTS: The rate of LR for all patients after a mean follow-up of 37.2 months was 3.7% (13/348). The LR rates were significantly associated with young age (<40 years, P=0.009), high nuclear grade (P=0.032), large tumor size (>2 cm, P=0.021) and negative hormone receptor (P=0.032). A positive axillary lymph node, the presence of EIC, high histological tumor grade, high proliferative index (Ki-67), the presence of lymphovascular invasion, the over-expression of c-erbB2 and the expression of p53 was not significant. Systemic adjuvant therapy was not associated with a lower rate of LR in both groups. The final resection margins were close in 30 patients (8.6%) and negative in 318 patients (91.4%). The rates of LR by the margin width were 6.7% (2/30) for close margins and 3.5% (11/318) for negative margins. There were no significant differences in the rate of LR according to the margin width. The rate of LR in patients with a 1 mm tumor-free margin width was 13.3% (2/15). Moreover, there is a tendency for an increase in the LR with a 1 mm tumor-free margin than with a margin width >1 mm (P=0.046). CONCLUSION: According to this study, if the margin is tumor-free, a close resection margin (< or =5 mm) is not associated with an increased rate of LR in BCT. However, a high rate of LR can be expected in patients with 1 mm margins.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Recurrence*

PURPOSE: This study was performed to determine the incidence of BMM and to correlate the presence of these micrometastases with prognosis and othet clinicopathologic features. Materials AND Methods: BMM was evaluated in 220 breast cancer patients between July, 1991 and January, 1997, using mouse monoclonal antibody (AE1/AE3) against cytokeratin in an immunofluorescent assay. RESULTS: Of the 220 patients, 71 (32.3%) were positive for BMM. There were no association between bone marrow positivity and nodal status, TNM stage, known histopathologic parameters, and hormona1 receptor. Median follow-up for 220 patients was 41.6 month. The relapse rate was 16.8% (37/220). Twenty-four (33.8%) of 37 patients were positive for BMM and 13 (8.7%) were negative (p<0.05). Bone metastasis occurred in 16 cases, and was more common in BMM positive patients (14 of 24, 54.2%, versus 2 of 13, 15.4%, p < 0.05). Twenty-six patients were died of relapsed breast cancer. In overall survival, patients who was negative for BMM showed higher survival rate (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: BMM was a good predictor for distant metastasis, especially bone metastasis, and for poor prognosis. But no association was found between bone marrow positivity and tumor size, nodal status, stage, histologic parameter and hormonal receptor status.
Animals ; Bone Marrow* ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Keratins ; Mice ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm Micrometastasis* ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Survival Rate

Fetal bilateral renal agenesis is a lethal congenital anomaly. An early and reliable prenatal diagnosis is extremely important as it may offer options for pregnancy termination as early as possible. The criteria for the ultrasonographic diagnosis of bilateral renal agenesis are severe oligohydramnios, nonvisualization of the bladder, and the empty renal fossa. However, severe oligohydramnios makes it difficult to diagnose the disease because of poor sonographic resolution. We present two cases of bilateral renal agenesis, one is diagnosed by ultrasonography after amnioinfusion at 24 weeks gestation, the other is diagnosed postnatally after term delivery.
Diagnosis ; Female ; Oligohydramnios ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Bladder

No abstract available.
Electromyography* ; Hand* ; Humans ; Muscle Spasticity* ; Stroke*

Purpose: To report two cases of periorbital necrotizing fasciitis in immunocompromised patients.Case Summary: (Case 1) A 55-year-old female with a history of diabetes and hepatic liver resection visited our clinic complainingof periorbital edema in her left eye 4 days prior to her visit. The visual acuity of the left eye was no light perception.Erythematous edema of the periorbital area and a black necrotic lesion in the left eye were observed. Periorbital necrotizing fasciitiswas diagnosed and broad-spectrum antibiotics were injected. Urgent debridement was recommended but the patient wentto another hospital and orbital exenteration was performed. K. pneumoniae was isolated in her blood culture. (Case 2) A56-year-old female with a history of ovarian cancer chemotherapy visited our clinic complaining of periorbital pain and skin necrosisin her right eye 3 days prior to her visit. The visual acuity of the right eye could not be measured because of severe lidedema. Periorbital necrotizing fasciitis was diagnosed and antibiotic injection and urgent debridement were performed. P. aeruginosawas isolated in her blood culture. Postoperative infection progression and recurrence were not observed and eyelid reconstructionwas performed. Conclusions Early detection and treatment of periorbital necrotizing fasciitis is important in immunocompromised patients.Proper antibiotic therapy and necrotic debridement are needed to remove the periorbital inflammation.

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) mRNA expression was down-regulated during carcinogenesis and was inversely related to estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) expression in breast cancer. The association of ERbeta mRNA expression to tamoxifen resistance has also been reported. In this study, the expression of ERalpha and ERbeta via immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was prompted, and an attempt was made to find out the relationship between ERbeta expression and recurrence in the hormonal therapy group, and between ERbeta expression and known prognostic factors. METHODS: Tumor specimens were obtained at surgery from 67 female breast cancer patients during the period of September 1995 to December 2000. All the specimens were frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept at -70degrees C until they were used. The medical records were analyzed retrospectively. The expressions of ER were analyzed using IHC and RT-PCR methods. RESULTS: The median follow-up was at 93.0 months (range: 14-157 months). The percentage of ERalpha+/ERbeta+, ERalpha+/ERbeta-, ERalpha-/ERbeta+, and ERalpha-/ERbeta group were 35.9% 9.4%, 47.2%, and 7.5%, respectively, in 53 patients with hormonal therapy. ERbeta was positive in 42 (82.3%) of 51 ER-positive patients. In the hormonal therapy group, the recurrence rates of each group was 15.8%, 0%, 40.0%, and 0%, respectively. In this group, the ERbeta expression tended to recur, but there was no clinical significance (p=0.084). CONCLUSION: The ERbeta expression may be a predictive marker of a poor response to endocrine therapy in breast cancer patients, although this needs to be confirmed in additional studies.
Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Estrogen Receptor alpha ; Estrogen Receptor beta ; Estrogens ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Medical Records ; Nitrogen ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; RNA, Messenger ; Tamoxifen