Void-free impression taking is important for the fabrication of accurate dental restorations.One of the essential properties of an impression material used for indirect fabrication of precision castings is the reproduction of the fine detail. The objective in this study was to determine the influence of mixing methods on the number of voids and surface detail reproduction.The number of voids and surface detail reproduction were evaluated with the stereomicroscope SZ-PT and photographed. The results were as follows; 1.In comparison of the void formation according to mixing methods of all impression materials,mechanical mixing was better than hand mixing and there was significant difference(P<0.05). 2.In comparison of the void formation according to hand mixing of alginate impression materials(TOKUSO A-1 alpha ,CAVEX IMPRESSIONAL ,AROMA FINE DF III), there was no significant difference among alginate groups.But the number of void was increased in the order of Panasil contact,TOKUSO A-1alpha , Permlastic light bodied and there was significant difference(P<0.05). 3.In comparison of the void formation according to mechanical mixing of alginate impression materials(TOKUSO A-1 alpha, CAVEX IMPRESSIONAL, AROMA FINE DF III), there was no significant different among alginate groups.But the number of void was decreased in order of TOKUSO A-1 alpha, Permlastic light bodied,Panasil contact and there was significant difference(P<0.05). 4.In comparison of the surface detail reproduction according to mixing methods of 3 types of impression materials(TOKUSO A-1 alpha, Permlastic light bodied,Panasil contact), there was no significant difference between hand mixing and mechanical mixing method 5.The surface detail reproduction was only influenced by impression materials,and produced better in order of TOKUSO A-1alpha, Panasil contact,Permlastic light bodied.There was significat difference among 3 type of impression materials(P<0.05). From the above results,void formation is influenced by mixing methods and surface detail reproduction is influenced by impression materials than mixing methods.Therefore,to fabricate accurate restorations,proper impression material and mechanical mixing method are more effective and available clinically.
Hand ; Reproduction*

No abstract available.
Parenteral Nutrition, Total

BACKGROUND: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the second most common disease with autosomal recessive mode of inheritance in children and characterized by degeneration of anterior horn cells of the spinal cord resulting in weakness and wasting of voluntary muscles. This disease is caused by deletion of many candidate genes including SMN, p44, NAIP on chromosome 5q11.2-13.3. Although molecular characteristics of candidate genes were identified, genotype-phenotype correlation has not been clearly elucidated yet. Nevertheless, gene conversion, previously described as simply as gene deletion, appears to be very important mechanism as a molecular pathogenesis, and even makes more difficult to pursue the correlation. PURPOSE: This study was aimed to define the correlation between genotype and phenotype of SMA in Korean patients. The significance of SMN gene as well as NAIP gene, p44 gene in the progress of disease process and phenotypic correlation with gene conversion was evaluated. This study was also undertaken to determine the frequency of gene rearrangements in normal population. METHOD: Eight type I SMA patients and two type II SMA patients were studied. SMN, NAIP, and p44 gene deletion were analyzed by PCR amplification and restriction enzyme digestion with DraI, DdeI and AluI, respectively. p44 gene was also analyzed by SSCP. Gene conversion was defined by centromeric and telomeric SMN gene exon 7 to exon 8 PCR amplification followed by DdeI restiction enzyme digestion. RESULT: 1) Five of eight type I patients showed deletion of SMN, NAIP and p44 gene, while the rest of type 1 and all type II patients showed deletion of SMN gene only. 2) We examined SMN and NAIP gene deletion on 100 normal newborns, which showed the deletion of centromeric SMN gene in two newborns, the relative frequency of 2% in gene rearrangement. 3) There was one case of type I SMA showing deletion of telomeric SMN exon 7 but not SMN exon 8 suggestive of gene conversion occurred during the recombination as a molecular pathogenesis. CONCLUSION: The major deletion of SMA candidate genes, SMN, NAIP, and p44 gene appear to be involved in severe phenotype since these three candidate genes deletion were noted only in type 1 cases. However, SMN gene deletion only identified both in type 1 and type 2 explains that SMN gene may plan an major role in the pathogenesis of SMA and also suggests that other factors may be affecting the severity in spinal muscular atrophy. One patient with type I which showed the conversion of the centromeric SMN gene to the teleomeric gene strongly supports that SMN gene copy number may not be correlated with the severity in SMA. Our molecular findings suggest that phenotype is not clearly correlated with genotype. Prenatal screening should be carefully undertaken to interpretate because of high frequency of gene rearrangements in normal populations.
Anterior Horn Cells ; Child ; Digestion ; Exons ; Gene Conversion ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Dosage ; Gene Rearrangement ; Genetic Association Studies ; Genotype* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscular Atrophy, Spinal* ; Phenotype* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; Recombination, Genetic ; Spinal Cord ; Wills

Central nervous system toxicity is the most commonly recognized problem during treatment with carbamazepine (CBZ). The most common side effects of CBZ are drowsiness, incoordination, and vertigo. However, unusual conditions such as movement disorders, seizure aggravation, and encephalopathy have also been attributed to CBZ therapy. In case 1, cognitive dysfunction and exacerbation of preexisting gait disturbance were observed in a 63-year-old female who had frontal lobe epilepsy, schizencephaly, and lissencephaly treated with CBZ. The neurological symptoms were resolved 24 hours after the withdrawal of CBZ and induced with the reintroduction of CBZ. In case 2, myoclonic jerks occurred in a 37-year-old female when CBZ was readministered after a 4-day-withdrawal period of CBZ. The myoclonic jerks disappeared 12 days after CBZ was discontinued. In both cases, plasma CBZ levels were within the therapeutic range. We report two cases with encephalopathy and myoclonic jerks as unusual side effects of CBZ, with the plasma levels of CBZ being within the therapeutic range.
Adult ; Ataxia ; Carbamazepine ; Central Nervous System ; Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe ; Female ; Gait ; Humans ; Lissencephaly ; Malformations of Cortical Development ; Middle Aged ; Movement Disorders ; Myoclonus* ; Plasma ; Seizures ; Sleep Stages ; Vertigo

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of achievement of anterior tooth movement using a thermoplastic clear aligner by superimposing pretreatment, setup, and post-treatment models and to analyze the factors that influence it. Materials and Methods: Forty patients who underwent clear aligner treatment at the Department of Orthodontics were included in the study. The pretreatment, setup, and post-treatment models were superimposed, and the achievement rates were evaluated. We analyzed the factors that caused changes in achievement rate on each condition.Result: The average achievement rate of total tooth movement was 57.65%. Mesiodistal and anteroposterior displacements were achieved better than vertical displacement and rotation. In each displacement, posterior, mesial, and extrusive movements were better achieved than the rotation. Spacing was better corrected than crowding, especially in the mesiodistal direction. Most of the tooth movements were achieved better when using 3-step thicknesses of aligners were used. Conclusion The treatment results of clear aligners may differ depending on the type of tooth movement, age and other treatment conditions. Clinicians should consider unfavorable conditions based on the results of this study.

Cryptococcus neoformans commonly causes opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients, especially in patients with AIDS. CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia in AIDS indicates an increased risk of opportunistic infection and a decline in immunological function. Idiopathic CD4 T-lymphocytopenia (ICL) is characterized by depletions in the CD4+ T-cell subsets, without evidence of HIV infection. Immunodeficiency can exist in the absence of laboratory evidence of HIV infection, and T-cell subsets should be evaluated in patients who present with unusual opportunistic infections. We report a case of pulmonary cryptococcosis and lung cancer in a patient with persistently low CD4+ cell counts, without evidence of HIV infection.
Aged ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*pathology ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/*complications/immunology ; Cryptococcosis/*complications/immunology ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/*complications/immunology ; Lymphopenia/*complications/immunology ; Male

Ischemic colitis is generally considered a disease of the elderly. The causes of ischemic colitis include low-flow states due to cardiac dysfunction or hypovolemia and certain medications including estrogen. Here we report a case of ischemic colitis in a 26-year-old woman. She had no specific medical history except taking oral-contraceptives for a long time. The mechanism of estrogen-induced ischemic colitis is not clearly understood. But we recommend that oral-contraceptives should be considered as a cause of ischemic colitis in young women.
Adult ; Aged ; Colitis, Ischemic ; Contraceptives, Oral ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Hypovolemia

Foreign bodies in the upper esophagus should be removed as soon as possible to avoid serious complications. These foreign bodies can penetrate the bowel wall and cause severe complications. The peristalsis of the esophagus is not strong enough to prevent it from retaining swallowed objects. Hence, perforation from a foreign body is more likely to occur in the esophagus than in the rest of the gastrointestinal tract. A razor blade is a rare foreign body of the esophagus. Its sharpness and large size make it difficult to remove. A razor blade was very firmly impacted in the esophageal wall in our case, and the razor blade had not moved from the upper esophagus. A standard overtube has limitations to remove a razor blade inside the overtube's lumen. We report here on a case of using a wedge resected overtube made it possible to successfully extract a razor blade and no serious complications occurred after extraction of the razor blade.
Esophagus ; Foreign Bodies ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Peristalsis

Tuberculosis of the sigmoid colon is a rare disorder. An 80-year-old man visited Bongseng Memorial Hospital for medical examination. A colonoscopy was performed, and a lesion in the sigmoid colon that was suspected to be colon cancer was found. A biopsy was performed, and tuberculous enteritis with chronic granulomatous inflammation was diagnosed. Intestinal tuberculosis is most frequent in the ileocecal area, followed by the ascending colon, transverse colon, duodenum, stomach, and sigmoid colon, in descending order. Hence, we report a case of intestinal tuberculosis in the sigmoid colon, which is rare and almost indistinguishable from colon cancer.
Aged, 80 and over ; Biopsy ; Colon ; Colon, Ascending ; Colon, Sigmoid ; Colon, Transverse ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colonoscopy ; Duodenum ; Enteritis ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Stomach ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal

PURPOSE: Low anterior resection, irrespective of anastomotic technique, may be associated with frequent bowel movement and other bowel management difficulties. The aim of this study was to access the anorectal function after low anterior resection of the rectal cancer. METHODS: We studied 28 patients who had mid and low rectal cancer (average 8.3 cm above the anal verge) had undergone low anterior resection using stapling suture devices (average level of anastomosis was 3.8 cm above anal verge) and anal manometry was undertaken 95 times preoperatively (N=28) and 3 month (N=26), 6 months (N=22) and 12 months (N=19) postoperatively from 1992 to 1995 in Korea University Guro Hospital. RESULTS: Maximum resting pressure was reduced after resection (from 64.7 mmHg to 42.7 mmHg, change ?22 mmHg) but gradually increased and returned to preoperative level at 12 months postoperatively. Minimum perceived volume was decreased after operation (from 40.3 ml to 25 ml change of ?15.3 ml) and this change persist at 12 months postoperatively. Rectoanal inhibitory reflex was present in all patient before surgery but disappeared in most of the patient after operation. Reflex returned to normal in 4 of 22 patients at 6 months later and in 7 of 19 patients at 12 months after operation. Maximum squeezing pressure and maximum tolerable volume were not decreased after operation. CONCLUSIONS: Anorectal function (maximum resting pressure, minimum perceived volume and rectoanal inhibitory reflex) was reduced immediately after low anterior resection of rectal cancer. But this functional changes returning to normal at 6 months and most of the patients had good function at 12 months after operation.
Humans ; Korea ; Manometry ; Rectal Neoplasms* ; Reflex ; Sutures