Background: This study investigates the hypothesis that the red, doughnut-shaped discs in Gustav Klimt’s iconic painting ‘The Kiss’ represent red blood cells (RBCs). The purpose is to explore the artistic and anatomical significance of these elements, examining how Klimt may have integrated contemporary scientific discoveries into his work to convey deeper symbolic meanings. Methods: This interdisciplinary study employed a combination of medical and art history approaches, including biographical analysis, literature review and a questionnaire survey to assess viewer’s perceptions of the red discs in ‘The Kiss.’ The survey compared responses to the original painting with those to an experimentally altered version, where the red discs were removed, with the objective of determining the significance of these red discs in the artwork. The survey was conducted among 300 visitors at the Ulsan International Art Fair.Among the visitors, 69.3% of the participants were female, and the most common age group was 30–49 years old. Results: Historical research and literature analysis revealed that the red disc-shaped patterns on the woman’s dress in Klimt’s painting closely resemble RBCs as depicted in early 20thcentury scientific literature and encyclopedias. This suggests that Klimt, likely influenced by his interactions with medical scientists, intentionally incorporated contemporary scientific imagery into his artwork. The survey results indicated that 86.7% of participants recognized the painting as ‘The Kiss,’ demonstrating high familiarity with the piece. Comparisons between the original and altered versions of the painting revealed that viewers perceived notable differences in feeling, color perception, mood, and lighting. Conclusion This study demonstrates that Klimt intentionally incorporated RBC-like motifs into his paintings, using them not only to convey anatomical symbolism and emotional depth but also as dynamic elements within a mosaic pattern. These red elements energize not only the female figure in ‘The Kiss’ but the entire composition. Klimt’s work reveals his skill in merging scientific concepts with visual and emotional expression, showcasing an innovative approach to embedding complex medical and emotional meanings through the use of symbolic imagery.

Background: This study investigates the hypothesis that the red, doughnut-shaped discs in Gustav Klimt’s iconic painting ‘The Kiss’ represent red blood cells (RBCs). The purpose is to explore the artistic and anatomical significance of these elements, examining how Klimt may have integrated contemporary scientific discoveries into his work to convey deeper symbolic meanings. Methods: This interdisciplinary study employed a combination of medical and art history approaches, including biographical analysis, literature review and a questionnaire survey to assess viewer’s perceptions of the red discs in ‘The Kiss.’ The survey compared responses to the original painting with those to an experimentally altered version, where the red discs were removed, with the objective of determining the significance of these red discs in the artwork. The survey was conducted among 300 visitors at the Ulsan International Art Fair.Among the visitors, 69.3% of the participants were female, and the most common age group was 30–49 years old. Results: Historical research and literature analysis revealed that the red disc-shaped patterns on the woman’s dress in Klimt’s painting closely resemble RBCs as depicted in early 20thcentury scientific literature and encyclopedias. This suggests that Klimt, likely influenced by his interactions with medical scientists, intentionally incorporated contemporary scientific imagery into his artwork. The survey results indicated that 86.7% of participants recognized the painting as ‘The Kiss,’ demonstrating high familiarity with the piece. Comparisons between the original and altered versions of the painting revealed that viewers perceived notable differences in feeling, color perception, mood, and lighting. Conclusion This study demonstrates that Klimt intentionally incorporated RBC-like motifs into his paintings, using them not only to convey anatomical symbolism and emotional depth but also as dynamic elements within a mosaic pattern. These red elements energize not only the female figure in ‘The Kiss’ but the entire composition. Klimt’s work reveals his skill in merging scientific concepts with visual and emotional expression, showcasing an innovative approach to embedding complex medical and emotional meanings through the use of symbolic imagery.

Background: This study investigates the hypothesis that the red, doughnut-shaped discs in Gustav Klimt’s iconic painting ‘The Kiss’ represent red blood cells (RBCs). The purpose is to explore the artistic and anatomical significance of these elements, examining how Klimt may have integrated contemporary scientific discoveries into his work to convey deeper symbolic meanings. Methods: This interdisciplinary study employed a combination of medical and art history approaches, including biographical analysis, literature review and a questionnaire survey to assess viewer’s perceptions of the red discs in ‘The Kiss.’ The survey compared responses to the original painting with those to an experimentally altered version, where the red discs were removed, with the objective of determining the significance of these red discs in the artwork. The survey was conducted among 300 visitors at the Ulsan International Art Fair.Among the visitors, 69.3% of the participants were female, and the most common age group was 30–49 years old. Results: Historical research and literature analysis revealed that the red disc-shaped patterns on the woman’s dress in Klimt’s painting closely resemble RBCs as depicted in early 20thcentury scientific literature and encyclopedias. This suggests that Klimt, likely influenced by his interactions with medical scientists, intentionally incorporated contemporary scientific imagery into his artwork. The survey results indicated that 86.7% of participants recognized the painting as ‘The Kiss,’ demonstrating high familiarity with the piece. Comparisons between the original and altered versions of the painting revealed that viewers perceived notable differences in feeling, color perception, mood, and lighting. Conclusion This study demonstrates that Klimt intentionally incorporated RBC-like motifs into his paintings, using them not only to convey anatomical symbolism and emotional depth but also as dynamic elements within a mosaic pattern. These red elements energize not only the female figure in ‘The Kiss’ but the entire composition. Klimt’s work reveals his skill in merging scientific concepts with visual and emotional expression, showcasing an innovative approach to embedding complex medical and emotional meanings through the use of symbolic imagery.

Background: This study investigates the hypothesis that the red, doughnut-shaped discs in Gustav Klimt’s iconic painting ‘The Kiss’ represent red blood cells (RBCs). The purpose is to explore the artistic and anatomical significance of these elements, examining how Klimt may have integrated contemporary scientific discoveries into his work to convey deeper symbolic meanings. Methods: This interdisciplinary study employed a combination of medical and art history approaches, including biographical analysis, literature review and a questionnaire survey to assess viewer’s perceptions of the red discs in ‘The Kiss.’ The survey compared responses to the original painting with those to an experimentally altered version, where the red discs were removed, with the objective of determining the significance of these red discs in the artwork. The survey was conducted among 300 visitors at the Ulsan International Art Fair.Among the visitors, 69.3% of the participants were female, and the most common age group was 30–49 years old. Results: Historical research and literature analysis revealed that the red disc-shaped patterns on the woman’s dress in Klimt’s painting closely resemble RBCs as depicted in early 20thcentury scientific literature and encyclopedias. This suggests that Klimt, likely influenced by his interactions with medical scientists, intentionally incorporated contemporary scientific imagery into his artwork. The survey results indicated that 86.7% of participants recognized the painting as ‘The Kiss,’ demonstrating high familiarity with the piece. Comparisons between the original and altered versions of the painting revealed that viewers perceived notable differences in feeling, color perception, mood, and lighting. Conclusion This study demonstrates that Klimt intentionally incorporated RBC-like motifs into his paintings, using them not only to convey anatomical symbolism and emotional depth but also as dynamic elements within a mosaic pattern. These red elements energize not only the female figure in ‘The Kiss’ but the entire composition. Klimt’s work reveals his skill in merging scientific concepts with visual and emotional expression, showcasing an innovative approach to embedding complex medical and emotional meanings through the use of symbolic imagery.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a significant health challenge associated with adverse patient outcomes and substantial economic burdens. Many authors have sought to prevent and predict AKI. Here, we comprehensively review recent advances in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to predict AKI, and the associated challenges. Although AI may detect AKI early and predict prognosis, integration of AI-based systems into clinical practice remains challenging. It is difficult to identify AKI patients using retrospective data; information preprocessing and the limitations of existing models pose problems. It is essential to embrace standardized labeling criteria and to form international multi-institutional collaborations that foster high-quality data collection. Additionally, existing constraints on the deployment of evolving AI technologies in real-world healthcare settings and enhancement of the reliabilities of AI outputs are crucial. Such efforts will improve the clinical applicability, performance, and reliability of AKI Clinical Support Systems, ultimately enhancing patient prognoses.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a significant challenge in healthcare. While there are considerable researches dedicated to AKI patients, a crucial factor in their renal function recovery, is often overlooked. Thus, our study aims to address this issue through the development of a machine learning model to predict restoration of kidney function in patients with AKI. Methods: Our study encompassed data from 350,345 cases, derived from three hospitals. AKI was classified in accordance with the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. Criteria for recovery were established as either a 33% decrease in serum creatinine levels at AKI onset, which was initially employed for the diagnosis of AKI. We employed various machine learning models, selecting 43 pertinent features for analysis. Results: Our analysis contained 7,041 and 2,929 patients’ data from internal cohort and external cohort respectively. The Categorical Boosting Model demonstrated significant predictive accuracy, as evidenced by an internal area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) of 0.7860, and an external AUROC score of 0.7316, thereby confirming its robustness in predictive performance. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values were employed to explain key factors impacting recovery of renal function in AKI patients. Conclusion: This study presented a machine learning approach for predicting renal function recovery in patients with AKI. The model performance was assessed across distinct hospital settings, which revealed its efficacy. Although the model exhibited favorable outcomes, the necessity for further enhancements and the incorporation of more diverse datasets is imperative for its application in real- world.