PURPOSE: To understand the meaning of death seen by nursing students through art works. METHOD: The qualitative research method and the content analysis were used. The text were essays written by 42 senior nursing students about their impressions on death through art works. RESULT: Statements were classified into six categories and twenty six themes. The six categories include definitions of death, feelings about the death of a main character, responses to the death of the main character, feelings of significant others about the death of the main character, feelings of participants in this study, and oaths of the participants in this study. CONCLUSION: It is shown that participants recognize their position as nursing students, although they may not escape the fear of death, will learn to cope with death, and the dying in a suitably professional manner. In this respect, the study is considered to be helpful for the students in learning the knowledge and information which are needed for hospice nursing care more effectively.
Hospice and Palliative Care Nursing ; Humans ; Learning ; Nursing* ; Qualitative Research ; Students, Nursing* ; United Nations

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the subjectivity of contents related to death as a nursing curriculum subject for nurses and students. METHOD: The Q-methodology which provides a method for analyzing the subjectivity of each items was used. The 34 selected Q-statements sorted by each of the 36 participants were classified into a normal distribution by using a 9 point scale. The collected data were analyzed using the QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Four types of content related to death nursing curriculum were identified. Type I is the psychologically sympathetic type, Type II is the clinical based experience type, Type III is the physically comfort seeking type, and Type IV is the human-understanding oriented type. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that different approaches to education are needed to address the four types of content related to death as a nursing curriculum subject. Both contents and characteristics need to be considered.
Curriculum* ; Education ; Humans ; Nursing*

PURPOSE: The study was undertaken to examine the degree of nurse's suffering experience and to identify the influencing factors on nurses' suffering experience in Korea. METHOD: Data were collected using a questionnaire for 271 nurses working at 5 general hospitals in Daegu and Kyung-book province from Sep. 1, to Sep. 30, 2003. The questionnaire consists of 54 items, general characteristics(10) and nurse's suffering experience(44). All surveys were sorted and studied by frequency analysis, mean score, standard deviation, range, independent t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Multiple regression. RESULT: The findings of this survey indicate 1) The degree of suffering experienced by nurses caring for terminal cancer patients was 2.96; 2) Demographic variables affecting the degree of nurses' suffering experience were age(F=5.62, p=.000), marital status(F=20.53, p=.000), religion(F=5.44, p=.020), career of clinical experience(F=6.96, p=.000), and feelings of end-life care(F=3.11, p=.016); 3) There were slight correlation between the subitem of nurse's suffering experience and general characteristics of subjects. For 'expanding self consciousness', age, career duration, and position; for 'forming empathy with family', age and career duration ; for 'spiritual sublimation', age, and career duration were affected variables. 4) As a result of the multiple regression analysis for predictable variables affecting nurses' suffering, it was found that 'career of clinical experience' was most significant(F=23.100, p=.000). The explanatory power of this regression formula was 17.6%. CONCLUSION: This study can provide the basic data useful towards improvement of nursing services for terminal cancer patients and the health of the nurse.
Daegu ; Empathy ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Korea ; Nursing Services ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The cellular alteration following the electric welding light on the rabbit corneal epithelial cells were studied in several conditions wearing various corneal contact lenses on the corneal surface exposed to the light for 5 minutes at 50 cm in each. The enucleated rabbit eyes 5 hours following the application of electric welding light were histopathologically investigated on the cellular structures of the cornea. The result were as follows: 1. The cellular alterations in a group of soft contact lens wearing consisted of multiple vacuole enlargement, separation of interdigitation and Desmosome, intracellular edema, and loss of organelles in superficial and wing cells layer. Loss of microvilli of the corneal superficial cells were observed. 2. Loss of cytoplasmic microorganelles and microvilli intercellular edema in superficial cell layer, and slight vacuoles enlargement in wing cells layer were demonstrated in a group of the direct light exposure group without contact lenses. 3. Loss of microvilli and intercellular edema with separation of interdigitation in superficial cell layer but no specific changes in wing cells layer were exhibited in a group of hard contact lens wearing. 4. The most destructive features of the corneal epithelial cells were observed in a group of soft contact lens wearing, and it was suggested that the doubtful effects of protection on the corneal superficial tissue in the case of soft contact lens wearing were noteworthy.
Cellular Structures ; Contact Lenses ; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic ; Cornea* ; Cytoplasm ; Desmosomes ; Edema ; Epithelial Cells ; Microvilli ; Organelles ; Vacuoles ; Welding*

PURPOSE: To understand the meaning of death seen by nursing students through collage art works. METHOD: The qualitative research method and the content analysis were used. The text were collage and related essays written by 42 senior nursing students about the impressions on death through collage art works. RESULT: Statements were classified into three categories and seventeen themes. The three categories include 'efinitions of death', 'feelings about the death', and 'attitudes about the death and the dying patients'. CONCLUSION: It is shown that participants recognize their position as nursing student, although they may not escape the fear of death, will learn to deal with death, and the dying in a suitably professional manner. In this respect, the study is considered to be helpful for the students in learning the knowledge and information which are needed for hospice nursing care more effectively.
Hospice and Palliative Care Nursing ; Humans ; Learning ; Nursing* ; Qualitative Research ; Students, Nursing* ; United Nations

Prenatal chromosome analysis of amniotic cells at 18 weeks of gestation showed a male fetus to carry a large 15p+ derivative chromosome inherited from his mother. Extra genetic material on the short arm of chromosome IS was silver-negative with Ag-NOR (nucleolus organizer regions) stain, but stained darkly with C-banding method like the distal heterochromatic segment of the Y long arm. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using two DNA probes (DYZ1 and D15Zl) showed a red fluorescent signal on 15p+ In addition to a green chromosome 15 centromere signal, confirming 15p to be from the distal Yq heterochromatin.
Arm ; Centromere ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15 ; DNA Probes ; Fetus ; Fluorescence ; Heterochromatin ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Male ; Mothers ; Pregnancy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to understand and analyze the experience of restoration among Korean elders with suicide ideation. METHODS: A phenomenological research method guided data collection and analysis. A total of five elders having had suicide ideation participated. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews. All interviews were audio taped and transcribed verbatim. Coding was used to establish different concepts and categories. RESULTS: As the results of analysis, the following three constituents have been found as a retrospective focus based on the primary suicide ideation: expanding their view and facing reality, reconstructing their view about life and death as well as self. CONCLUSION: The results of this study may contribute to health professionals working at various crisis settings to understand Korean elders with suicide ideation.
*Adaptation, Psychological ; Aged ; Attitude to Death ; Female ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Korea ; Male ; Self Psychology ; Social Support ; Suicide/*psychology ; Suicide, Attempted/psychology

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a multidimensional suicide prevention program for Korean elders by utilizing a community network and to evaluate its effect. METHODS: A non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The subjects were recruited from two different elderly institutions located in D city and K province, Korea. Nineteen subjects in the control group received no intervention and 20 subjects in the experimental group received a multidimensional suicide prevention program. RESULTS: There were more significant decreases in depression, suicide ideation, and increases in life satisfaction in the experimental group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: According to the above results, the multidimensional suicide prevention program for Korean elders decreased stressful events like depression, and suicide ideation and increased life satisfaction through the community network. These findings suggest that this program can be used as an efficient intervention for elders in a critical situation.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Community Networks ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Depression ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Personal Satisfaction ; Program Development ; *Program Evaluation ; Questionnaires ; Suicide/*prevention & control ; Suicide, Attempted/*prevention & control

PURPOSE: This study investigated the need for information and social support in parents of children with epilepsy. METHODS: A total of 119 parents of children with epilepsy were recruited and asked to fill out questionnaires. RESULTS: Of 119 parents, two-third reported that they received full and sufficient information about their child's disease and its management but one-third felt the information was insufficient and incomplete. Most parents (62.2%) felt at loss when their child had a seizure, either at home or at school. They wanted information on the causes of seizures, adequate steps deal with seizure and steps they should take to become adequate and supportive parents for their children. However, most parents were reluctant to disclose the disease or to receive support from outsiders. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the fact that most parents received sufficient information about the management of epilepsy, they felt at a loss when their child had a seizure attack. Therefore nurses should give specific instruction on seizure management and assess the needs of parents on a regular basis.
Child* ; Epilepsy* ; Humans ; Needs Assessment* ; Parents* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seizures

PURPOSE: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor (HGFR/c-Met) regulate motility, mitogenesis, and morphogenesis in a cell type-dependent fashion. We report the role of HGF and c-Met on stress-induced ARPE-19 human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in this study. METHODS: The cells were cultured either with or without serum. Southern and Western blot analyses were done to determine the expression patterns of HGF/c-Met in serum-starved ARPE-19 cells. The cell proliferation pattern in serum-starved condition was analyzed using MTS assay. Inhibition level of cell proliferation was analyzed using a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against c-Met (2 microgram/ml). RESULTS: Abnormal cell proliferation and scattering of ARPE-19 cells was observed under serum starvation. HGF/c-Met were expressed in serum-starved ARPE-19 cells. ARPE-19 cell proliferation was also enhanced with recombinant HGF treatment. Neutralization against c-Met inhibited the proliferation of serum-deprived ARPE-19 by 64.5% (n=9, S.D. 5.5%). Serum starvation appears to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition of ARPE-19 cells, resulting in scatter, and the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), a marker for fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, c-Met induced under non-physiologic conditions has significant effects on the activation of RPE cells.
Blotting, Southern ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Movement/physiology ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media, Serum-Free ; *Gene Expression ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor/biosynthesis/*genetics ; Humans ; Mitosis/physiology ; Pigment Epithelium of Eye/cytology/*metabolism ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/biosynthesis/*genetics ; RNA/*genetics