BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of hypnotics and analgesics on oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry in surgery patients under spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Sixty-five patients classified ASA physical status 1 or 2 scheduled for surgery under spinal anesthesia were studied. These patients were divided into three groups. The 22 subjects of the first group did not receive either midazolam or fentanyl. The 22 subjects of the second group received midazolam. The 21 subjects of the third group received midazolam (0.03 mg/kg) and fentanyl (1.0 microgram/ kg). Oxygen saturation was measured with a pulse oximetry. Measurements were made before spinal anesthesia, 5 minutes, and 10 minutes after starting of spinal anesthesia, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes after the start of the operation or intravenous injection of drugs. In addition, measurements were made on arrival in the recovery room, and 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes after arrival in the recovery room. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in oxygen saturation at 5 minutes after the start of the operation or intravenous injection of drugs. The mean oxygen saturation for the first group was 98.2 +/- 1.8%, for the second group 97.9 +/- 2.6%, and for the third group 92.4 +/- 2.8%. Hypoxia cases at 5 minutes after the start of the operation or intravenous injection of a drug occurred in 4.5% of the first group, 9.1% of the second group, and 57.1% of the third group CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that oxygen saturation monitoring should be done routinely in patients receiving hypnotics and analgesics during spinal anesthesia, and oxygen should be administered to patients who develope hypoxia during spinal anesthesia.
Analgesics* ; Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Anoxia* ; Fentanyl ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives* ; Incidence* ; Injections, Intravenous ; Midazolam ; Oximetry ; Oxygen ; Recovery Room

No abstract available.
Leiomyosarcoma* ; Rectum*

Congenital branchial anomalies are developmental defects resulting from incomplete obliteration of branchial clefts, arches and pouches, and usually found as cysts, fistulas and sinuses. The sinus or fistula is usually noted during infancy and young childhood due to recurrent infection. We have experienced a case of branchial cleft fistula in a 12-year-old male. It was a skin colored, nontender nodule which had mucus secreting from a small opening pore. We performed complete surgical removal and histopathologically the lumen was lined by pseudostratified columnar cells and the stroma was composed of aggregates of lymphocytes with many germinal centers. So we finally diagnosed it as branchial cleft fistula of second type branchial anomaly.
Branchial Region* ; Child ; Fistula* ; Germinal Center ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; Male ; Mucus ; Skin

Myasthenia Gravis is a neuromuscular disorder manifested by increasing weakness and fatigability of voluntary muscles with exercise, and partial or complete restoration of function following rest or the administration of anticholinesterase drugs. The anesthesiologists may be called upon to assist in the diagnosis of myasthenis, in treating the patient by artificial ventilation during acute exacerbations, to anesthetise the patient for thymectomy or other surgery. Therefore, the anesthesiologists must be familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of myasthnia gravis to carry on the appropriate therapy. Two cases of anesthesia for thymectomy in myasthenia gravis without using muscle relaxants was experienced, and no respiratory problems were encountered postoperatively.
Anesthesia* ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Myasthenia Gravis* ; Thymectomy* ; Ventilation

BACKGROUND: Whether the changes of risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol) can precipitate stroke remains unknown, and antecedent infection and psychologic stress are described inss case-control study, 113 consecutive patients with acute cerebrovascular disease (38 small vessel disease, 43 large vessel disease, 11 cardiogenic infarction, 4 infarction of undetermined cause, and 17 intracerebral hemorrhage) and 23 control subjects were evaluated. Changes of the risk factors (and their management) were interviewed. A sign/symptom based questionnaire was used to characterize the prevalence of recent prior infection and exposure to coldness. Psychologic stress was measured with the use of Social Readjustment Rating Scale. RESULTS: The negative change of alcohol drinking was significantly higher in the stroke group. However, there was no significant difference between stroke and control groups in the changes of thether risk factors. The prevalence of previous (within 1 month) infection was significantly higher in the stroke group compared with control subjects (p=0.03). However, there were no significant differences among the stroke subtypes in the prevalence of infection(p=0.08). Upper respiratory tract infections constituted the most common type of infection. The exposure to coldness was significantly higher in the stroke group compared with control subjects (p=0.002). The level of stress within the prior 1 month/1 year was significantly higher in the stroke group than control group (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that preceding infection, exposure to coldness, psychologic stress, and the negative change of alcohol drinking may be comm.
Alcohol Drinking ; Case-Control Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Humans ; Infarction ; Moyamoya Disease* ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Stress, Psychological ; Stroke

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Lipoma*

Myasthenia Gravis is a chronic disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by weakness, fatigue of voluntary muscles, especially exacerbations and remissions, a rare disease in Korea. Special considerations are required in the anesthetic management of the myasthenic patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia and in the postoperative respiratory management by anesthesi olgists. Authors report 8 cases of anesthesia, using N20-02-Enflurane without using nondepolarizing and depolarizing muscle relaxants for thymectomy, experienced during the year 1986~1990.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Fatigue ; Humans ; Korea ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Myasthenia Gravis ; Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents ; Rare Diseases ; Thymectomy*

BACKGROUND: The colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence represents a well-known para-digm for the sequential development of cancer driven by the accumulation of genomic defects. Although the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence has been well investigated, the studies about tumors of different dignity co-existent in the same patient are rare. K-ras mutation is an early genetic change in colon cancer. The genes involved in the cell cycle such as cyclin D1, p16, and p53 are important in the tumorigenesis of the colon. The aims of this study were to determine K-ras gene mutation and expression of K-ras, p16, cyclin D1 and p53 in synchronous lesions of the colon adenoma-carcinoma sequences and their possible relationship with K-ras mutation. METHODS: The materials included 45 colonic adenocarcinomas which were accompanied by adenoma (22 low grade and 26 high grade). By using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP), we detected K-ras mutation of codon 12. An aberrant K-ras, p16, cyclin D1 and p53 expressions were stained using an immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: K-ras mutation was 52.4% (11/21) of high grade adenomas. K-ras expression was 65.4% (17/26) of high grade adenomas. p16 and cyclin D1 expressions were 50% (11/22) and 90.9% (20/22) of low grade adenomas, respectively. p53 expression was 75.6% (34/45) of adenocarcinomas. There were statistical correlations among K-ras, p16 and cyclin D1. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the ras gene mutation is an early event and the overexpressions of p16, cyclin D1 and p53 are associated with K-ras mutation and expression in adenoma-carcinoma sequences.
Adenocarcinoma ; Adenoma ; Carcinogenesis ; Cell Cycle ; Codon ; Colon* ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Cyclin D1* ; Cyclins* ; Genes, ras* ; Humans

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of the high caries risk group among 12-year-old children in Korea. METHODS: Information on oral health status and interview data were collected from 6,253 children (3,309 male and 2,944 female children) aged 12 years who participated in the Korea National Oral Health Survey in 2010. The subjects were sorted according to the decayed missing filled tooth (DMFT) data. The highest one-third was selected as the significant caries (SiC) group (N=2,184), and the others were classified as the middle group (N=4,466) and the caries-free group (N=7,067). This study also used demographic variables such as gender and area of residence. The variables for the oral health behavior were the number of dental sealants on the first molar, self-perceived oral health, average frequency of tooth brushing per day, and the mean frequency of daily snack consumption. The variables for the oral health status were the mean number of DMFTs and the SiC index. The associations between the high caries risk group and the demographic and social variables, oral health status, and oral health-related consciousness and behavior were evaluated by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A significant proportion of the high caries risk group participants had no dental sealant on the first molar (46.4%) and lived in rural areas (38.1%, P<0.05). The determinants of the high-risk group were whether the first molar was sealed ('0', OR=52.67) and the self-perceived oral health ('fair', OR=1.43, 'poor', OR=2.09). CONCLUSIONS: The characteristics of the high caries risk group among 12-year-old Korean children were the absence of dental sealant on the first molar, poor self-perceived oral health, gender, and region.
Aged ; Child ; Consciousness ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Molar ; Oral Health ; Pit and Fissure Sealants ; Snacks ; Tooth