Standard plaque assay using agarose-overlay has long been used for titration of many infectious virus particle. Plaque assay for the titration of varicella-zoster virus and its live vaccine requires three intermittent agarose overlay to visualize plaques. Overall procedure of the assay takes at least nine days from virus inoculation and microbe contamination including fungi is frequently accompanied during incubation period. We studied whether an immunofocus assay in conjunction with peroxidase-mediated immunohistochemical reaction may replace the standard plaque assay for the virus titration by comparing the two methods. A linear relationship was observed between number of foci and virus dilution. The number of foci in a given dilution of virus appeared a little higher than counted plaques formed in standard plaque assay. Independent titration results obtained from two assay methods for a given dilution of virus demonstrated a strong correlation (r2=0.99). Foci of virus infected cells as revealed by the enzyme reaction could be counted either 4 days post-infection (p.i.) under low magnification (40X) microscopy, or 6 days p.i. by naked eye observation. Larger size of cell cuture plate, virus adsorption at 35 degrees C, and 10% FBS in diluent appeared to be better conditions for the assay. Immunofocus assay will be an effective and dependable titration method for varicella-zoster virus and its live vaccine in place of the standard plaque assay in respect to accuracy, costs, and experimental convenience.
Adsorption ; Fungi ; Herpesvirus 3, Human* ; Microscopy ; Sepharose ; Virion

This study was a part of large scale of a prospective study on attitudes of professional students in medicine, nursing and teaching toward population related issues in Korea. The study was first conducted in May 1974 and then in May 1975 for the 1974 class cohot using a questionnaire consisted of attitude scales and other items developed by Lee. The purpose of study was two hold, namely, to determine the difference in students among specializations on one hand and between the first and second years in the 1974 class cohot regarding the subject matter. A one-way analysis of variance was used for attitude scale, and absolute and relative frequency were computed for the analysis of non-attitude scale items by employing Fishers' Ratio and Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level and chi square test at 5% level as significance tests. The hypothesis "students in health profession are more likely to have positive attitudes toward population related issues progressively as class year advances than students in teaching profession" was tested and the following results were obtained: 1) Nursing students were more likely to display favorable attitudes toward family planning than medical or teaching students although the class cohot showed slightly improved attitudes in the second year. 2) Respondents in general perceived national family planning program as a means of population control and this tendency was more true among nursing students as the class year advances than two other professional groups of students. Students in teaching profession appeared to perceive it more as a means to improve individual family welfare while health students were likely to see as to improve maternal and child health. This tendency was progressively improved as the class year advanced. 3) The majority of students regardless of their respective specializations believed that family planning program should be directed toward the improvement of individual family welfare. No progressive changes in the class cohot were observed. 4) About the plan to use contraceptives in future, no significant differences were observed among different specializations nor in different class years. However, the majority was confirmed to have a plan to use contraceptives in future. An increasing proportion of the undecided category was observed, as class year advanced among health students. 5) Students in health profession were found to be more favorable about "more leisure opportunities" as motive for limiting number of children whereas education students indicated the reasons as "facilitate ambitions" and "economic base". The progressive changes toward positive direction in both groups were observed as the class years advanced. 6) Attitudes toward induced abortions of the health student were observed to be positively related to class years while an inverse relationship was found in teaching students who showed much less favor in the subject matter than health students. This phenomenon may be due to the different exposure to learning environments unique to respective specializations. 7) Health students were found to have more favorable attitudes toward population education in general than the teaching students. The teaching students appeared to have changed more to the negative direction when they became the second year while no such development was observed in health students. The teaching students seemed to hold a very conservative position with regard to sex education on schools. 8) About the equality of sexes, the nursing group was found to be most favorable while the reverse was true in the teaching group. 9) About questions related to fertility values-the 10 percent of respondents regardless of specialization indicated that they would maintain their single status in future, however no change was observed in the second year. The desired number of children was found to be two by the majority of students in nursing, medicine and teaching in order of high proportion. No changes in a different class year were observed. The childless marriage was seen by nursing students as a problem more than other students, but a slight change in positive direction was found when the nursing students became the second year. In summing, as data supported in the above, students in health profession demonstrated more favorable attitudes toward population related issues than the teaching students were more conscious about the health aspect of population and family planning program while the teaching students gave more attention the socioeconomic aspect. The sex variable seemed to have operated in the item related to the equality of sexes. In conclusion, as data presented in the above, the hypothesis of this study was accepted except in the few items. It should be noted that the limitation of this study is the short duration of the observation in measuring the possible attitude changes. It should include curriculum analysis for the respective specializations in order to identify the area of curriculum impact on students in future study.
Abortion, Induced ; Child ; Child Health ; Contraceptive Agents ; Curriculum ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Family Planning Services ; Female ; Fertility ; Hand ; Health Occupations ; Humans ; Korea* ; Learning ; Leisure Activities ; Marriage ; Nursing ; Population Control ; Prospective Studies* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sex Education ; Students, Nursing ; Weights and Measures

No abstract available.
Lung Neoplasms* ; Lung*

This study was designed to compare the outcomes between my ocardial infarction' participation and not-participation in cardiac rehabilitation, so explain how participation in cardiac rehabilitation can be a worthwhile intervention that facilitates recovery from MI. B furthermore this research is intended to provide the fundamental backgrounds in developing cardiac rehabilitation program that can help to improve the patients' the quality of life. A total of 80 out-patients were selected as subject to data collection from April 1th to May 10 1996. The rehabilitated group, consisting of the 40 out-patients had participated with the non-rehabilitation group of 40 out-patients had received usual care during hospitalization. The tools for this study were state-anxiety scale devised by Spielberger(1976) performance health behavior scale developed by Lee(1992) and quality of life scale producted by McGirr(1990). The data were analyzed by use of chi test, ANCOVA, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and simple regression using the SPSS program. The study was concluded as follows : 1. Hypothesis 1 : that "the rehabilitation group's anxiety was lower than the non-rehabilitation group's was accepted(t=-2.60, p=0.011). 2. Hypothesis 2 : that "the rehabilitation group's level of performance health behavior was higher than the non-rehabilitation group's" was accepted(t=6.39, p=0.000). 3. Hypothesis 3 : that "the rehabilitation group's quality of life was higher than the non-rehabilitation group's was accepted(t=2.73, p=0.008). 4. The correlations between anxiety, performance health behavior and quality of life. The relationship between anxiety and performance health behavior revealed a significant correlation(r=-.4433, p<.05). And the relationship between anxiety and quality of life revealed a significant correlation(r=-.7679, p<.05), the relationship between performance health behavior and quality of life revealed a significant correlation(r=3934, p<.05). As a result, it was found that the cardiac rehabilitation groups' anxiety was lower than the non-rehabilitation group's, the rehabilitation group' level of performance health behavior was higher than the non-rehabilitation group's. And the rehabilitation group's quality of life was higher than the non-rehabilitation group's. Therefore this study explained how participation in cardiac rehabilitation can be a worthwhile intervention that facilitates recovery from MI.
Anxiety ; Data Collection ; Health Behavior ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Outpatients ; Performance Anxiety ; Quality of Life ; Rehabilitation*

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of the humor intervention program, administred to the hemodialysis patient as an adaptive coping mechanism. The research design was non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. The study method had been done by investigating the experimental group and control group through the questionnaire on 36 patients who had been out patient hemodialysis room at B hospital in Pusan from August 18 to September 15, 1998. The humor intervention program consisted of 1 TV comedy, 1 home video and 1 comedy film. The humor intervention program was provided to the experimental group for 20-30 minute 3 times every other day at hemodialysis room. Dependent variables were measured by Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory, Zung's Self Rating Depression Scale, Lefcourt & s Humor Coping Scale. The analysis of the collected data had been done for the hemogeneity test in which general characteristics of the experimental group and the control group had been tested by chi- test and the hemogeneity test had been tested by t-test before using the humor intervention program which is for anxiety, depression and coping of humor. To test the hypothesis the t-test had been given for the difference of anxiety, depression and coping of humor between the two groups. The result were summarized as follows: 1. Anxiety score in the experimental group and control group was not significant difference. 2. Depression score in the experimental group and control group was not significant difference. 3. Coping of humor score in the experimental group and control group was not significant difference. In conclusion, even though humor intervention program did not have any efficient effect on hemodialysis patients in reacting to anxiety, depression and coping humor, it caused very positive reactions from patients, and it also reducted anxiety of patients among the experimental group a little bit. If this program could be sufficiently applied according to the character of every patients with a little bit different appliences such as selection of humor intervention program, frequency and period, it will be used as an efficient the humor intervention program.
Anxiety* ; Busan ; Depression* ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Renal Dialysis* ; Research Design

The purpose of study was to compare body image between diabetes mellitus patients who used insulin pump therapy and didn't use insulin pump therapy. The study design was comparative survey study the subjects were 60 diabetes mellitus patients who used insulin pump therapy and 60 diabetes mellitus patients who didn't use insulin pump therapy at B hospital in Busan. The data were collected from 15th April to 20th August, 1998. The instrument used for this study were Osgood's body image scale. The collected data were analyzed frequency, percentage, chi-test, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test. The results were as follows 1. Demographical characteristics between diabetes mellitus patients who used insulin pump therapy and didn't use insulin pump therapy were no significant difference. 2. Characteristics related disease between diabetes mellitus patients who used insulin pump therapy and didn't use insulin pump therapy were significant difference in paticipation of D.M. meeting. no of paticipation of D.M. meeting. 3. Body inmage score of diabetes mellitus patients was 69.08+/-18.13. In body image, diabetes mellitus patients who used insulin pump therapy were higher than that didn't use insulin pump therapy (t= 1.964. p .05) 4. In body image's each item, common-strange item. noble-humble item, competent-incompetent item, light-heavy item. diabetes mellitus patients who used insulin pump therapy were higher than diabetes mellitus patients who didn't use insulin pump therapy(p .05) 5. In body image according to economic status, marital status. occupational status were significantly difference. 6. In body image according to causes of regular hospital visiting. paticipation of diabetes mellitus class were significantly difference. In conclusion, diabetes mellitus patients who used insulin pump therapy were more positive than diabetes mellitus patients who didn't use insulin pump therapy.
Body Image* ; Busan ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Employment ; Humans ; Insulin* ; Marital Status

The purpose of study was to compare body image between diabetes mellitus patients who used insulin pump therapy and didn't use insulin pump therapy. The study design was comparative survey study the subjects were 60 diabetes mellitus patients who used insulin pump therapy and 60 diabetes mellitus patients who didn't use insulin pump therapy at B hospital in Busan The data were collected from 15th April to 20th August, 1998. The instrument used for this study were Osgood's body image scale. The collected data were analyzed frequency, percentage, chi-test, mean, standard deviation. t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test. The results were as follows 1. Demographical characteristics between diabetes mellitus patients who used insulin pump therapy and didn't use insulin pump therapy were no significant difference. 2. Characteristics related disease between diabetes mellitus patients who used insulin pump therapy and didn't use insulin pump therapy were significant difference in paticipation of D.M. meeting, no of paticipation of D.M. meeting. 3. Body inmage score of diabetes mellitus patients was 69.08+/-18.13. In body image, diabetes mellitus patients who used insulin pump therapy were higher than that didn't use insulin pump therapy (t=1.964, p .05) 4. In body image's each item, common-strange item, noble-humble item. competent-incompetent item, light- heavy item, diabetes mellitus patients who used insulin pump therapy were higher than diabetes mellitus patients who didn't use insulin pump therapy(p .05) 5. In body image according to economic status, marital status, occupational status were significantly difference. 6. In body image according to causes of regular hospital visiting, paticipation of diabetes mellitus class were significantly difference. In conclusion, diabetes mellitus patients who used insulin pump therapy were more positive than diabetes mellitus patients who didn't use insulin pump therapy.
Body Image* ; Busan ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Employment ; Humans ; Insulin* ; Marital Status

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to analyze the effects of self-care behavior, empowerment, and social support on glycosylated hemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: The data were collected during the period of July 1 to July 31, 2016. In total, 172 participants were recruited from outpatients who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at a health care center, a health promotion center at National Health Insurance Corporation, and a tertiary hospital. Statistical data were analyzed with SPSS 20.0 using frequency analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and hierarchical regression analysis. RESULTS: The study results showed that self-care behavior (β=−.34, p<.001), empowerment (β=−.34, p<.001), and social support (β=−.20, p=.018) were found to be influential factors affecting glycosylated hemoglobin, with an overall descriptive power of 69%. CONCLUSION: Self-care behavior, empowerment, and social support are considered to be important factors in blood glucose management for the patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, self-caring blood glucose programs and internal synchronizing education through social support and empowerment need to be improved.
Blood Glucose ; Delivery of Health Care ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Education ; Health Promotion ; Hemoglobin A ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated* ; Humans ; National Health Programs ; Outpatients ; Power (Psychology)* ; Self Care* ; Tertiary Care Centers

Recently, the radionuclide angiocardiographic study had been enhanced by rapid development of gamma scintillation camera and computer system, and utilized as noninvasive diagnostic measurement of heart disease. We obtained the following results by the radionuclide angiocardiography with human serum albumin tagged with 99m-Technetium from two groups. One of them was congenital heart disease group(n=50, ventricular septal defect 20, atrial septal defect 6, pulmonary stenosis 2, tetralogy of Fallot 10, truncus arteriousus 1, transposition of great artery 1, patent ductus arteriosus 10) operated from Oct. 1984 to Jun. 1985, and the other was the normal human group(n=10) as control. 1) In the cases of left to right shunt, Qp/Qs values were calculated by th gamma variet fit curve. The preoperative values ranged from 1.441-3.00, the postoperative values were normal among all the patients except one(atrial septal defect, postop. Qp/Qs 2.335). 2) In the cases of right to left shunt, Qp/Qs values showed no apparent change between pre. andpostoperative period, possibly due to still remained collateral circulation and hardly obtained lower value(less than QP/QS 1.0) by computer system, But the double peak curve was noticed in the left ventricular time activity curve, which indicate right to left shunt, disappeared after the surgery, suggesting shunt closed. 3) The ejection fraction of left ventricle was obtained from the congential cardiac patients, ranged 0.38-0.65 before the surgery and 0.41-0.67 after the surgery. 4) The circulation time calculated from the first-pass radionuclide angiocardiography, ranged normal in the most congenital cardiac patients, but prolonged in the severe pulmonary hypertension.
Angiocardiography ; Arteries ; Collateral Circulation ; Computer Systems ; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent ; Gamma Cameras ; Heart Defects, Congenital* ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular ; Heart Ventricles ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; Pulmonary Valve Stenosis ; Serum Albumin ; Tetralogy of Fallot

The purpose of this study is to test the correlation between spiritual well-being and mental health of nursing students and to provide baseline data of nursing education for the christian college. The data was collected from 10th to 30th September. 2000. The subjects were 220 nursing students. The instruments used for the study were the spiritual well-being scale developed by Paloutzian & Ellison (1982) and Gou Seong Hee's mental health (1989). The data was analyzed by using SPSS/PC. The study results were as follows: 1. There were significant differences between the type of religion (F=27.22, p=0.000), abscence of faith (F=65.33, p=0.000), grade (F=6.76, p=0.000), effect of religion on life style (F=14.21, p=0.000) and spiritual well-being. 2. There were significant differences between grade (F=4.87, p=0.009), satisfaction of nursing (F=6.47, p=0.000) and mental health. 3. There was positively significant partial correlation between spiritual well-being and mental health (r=0.52, p=0.000). The higher spiritual well-being score and the higher mental health was supported. 4. The mean score on the spiritual well-being scale was 3.48+/-0.64. The mean score on the mental health scale was 3.67+/-0.54. Viewing that, The type of religion, abscence of faith, effect of religion on life style, and grade contributed significantly in spiritual well-being for nursing students.
Education, Nursing ; Humans ; Life Style ; Mental Health* ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*