1.What are the direct medical costs of managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Malaysia?
Feisul Idzwan Mustapha ; Soraya Azmi ; Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf ; Zanariah Hussein ; Nik Jasmin Nik Mahir ; Fatanah Ismail ; Azimatun Noor Aizuddin ; Adrian Goh
The Medical Journal of Malaysia 2017;72(5):271-277
Introduction: An economic analysis was performed to
estimate the annual cost of diabetes mellitus to Malaysia.
Methods: We combined published data and clinical
pathways to estimate cost of follow-up and complications,
then calculated the overall national cost. Costs consisted of
diabetes follow-up and complications costs.
Results: Patient follow-up was estimated at RM459 per year.
Complications cost were RM42,362 per patient per year for
nephropathy, RM4,817 for myocardial infarction, RM5,345 for
stroke, RM3,880 for heart failure, RM5,519 for foot
amputation, RM479 for retinopathy and RM4,812 for cataract
extraction.
Conclusion: Overall, we estimated the total cost of diabetes
as RM2.04 billion per year for year 2011 (both public and
private sector). Of this, RM1.40 billion per year was incurred
by the government. Despite some limitations, we believe our
study provides insight to the actual cost of diabetes to the
country. The high cost to the nation highlights the
importance of primary and secondary prevention.
Diabetes Mellitus
;
Health Care Costs
;
Health Expenditures
2.Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Malay-Language Transtheoretical Model of Physical Activity among Malaysian Primary School Children
Hussein Rizal ; Mawar Siti Hajar1, ; Yee Cheng Kueh ; Ayu Suzailiana Muhamad ; Garry Kuan
Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 2019;26(2):99-113
Introduction: The transtheoretical model (TTM) is an integrative model of intentional
change consisting of stages of change, processes of change, decisional balance and self-efficacy.
This study aimed at validating the TTM questionnaires on physical activity for Malaysian children
using confirmatory factor analysis.
Methods: The participants were 381 Malay students (188 male; 193 female), aged 10–12
years old, with a mean age of 10.94 (SD = 0.81). The original version of the TTM was translated into
the Malay language using forward and backward translation. Certain phrases were adapted based
on the local culture and vocabulary suitable for primary school students.
Results: The final measurement models and their fit indices were: processes of change
(CFI = 0.939, TLI = 0.925, SRMR = 0.040, RMSEA = 0.030); decisional balance (CFI = 0.897,
TLI = 0.864, SRMR = 0.045, RMSEA = 0.038); and self-efficacy (CFI = 0.934, TLI = 0.915,
SRMR = 0.042, RMSEA = 0.032).
Conclusion: Care must be taken when using the TTM with children, as it has been
prevalently validated with adults. The final version of the TTM questionnaire for Malay primary
school children had 24 items for process of changes, 13 items for self-efficacy and 10 items for
decisional balance.