Objective To explore the mechanism of tetramethylpyrazine in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD)based on the coexpression-protein interaction network analysis.Methods The tar-gets’information of tetramethylpyrazine was obtained from pharmacophore-based virtual screening and da-tabase searching from STITCH &Chemprot,and the protein-protein interactions of the targets were re-trieved by String database.The protein interaction network was constructed by Cytoscape.Next,the co-expression-protein interaction networks were constructed by integrating gene-expression profile under physiological and disease conditions.The modules of disease associated coexpression-protein interaction network were clustered and functional annotated based on fast agglomerate algorithm based on the edge clustering coefficients (FAG-EC)and gene ontology (GO)enrichment,by which the function modules were mapped to the coexpressin-protein interaction network under the normal physiological state to get the corresponding function modules.Then the function modules under two different conditions were compared and analyzed.Results The effect of tetramethylpyrazine on CHD was achieved by means of regulating and controlling immunological regulation or inflammatory response,cell apoptosis signaling pathway, blood circulation,heme metabolism and basal metabolism;myeloperoxidase (MPO)and hemeoxygenase-1 (HMOX1)probably were two key targets in treatment of CHD.Conclusion The mechanism and the key targets of tetramethylpyrazine in the treatment of CHD were illuminated at the molecular networks lev-el,which could provide reference for clinical practice.

The property theory of Chinese materia medica is one of the foundations of traditional Chinese medicine.The property of Chinese materia medica (PCMM) is a multi-dimensional expression of the effect of Chinese materia medica (CMM),and it is related to the clinical prescription that fully reflects the clinical effect evaluation of CMM in a holistic,systematic,and scientific way.This paper discusses the source,development,and application of the PCMM by considering not only the five dimensions that constitute the PCMM but also the recognition of the human body and disease as given in traditional Chinese medicine.This paper aims to provide theoretical guidance for the rational use and development of CMM.

Objective:The application of Chinese materia medica(CMM)in clinical diseases is the embodiment and continuation of the property theory of CMM(PTCMM).However,due to a lack of precise quantitative description methods,it is difficult to systematically analyze the property of CMM(PCMM)and clinical effect features at the micro molecular level.Methods:The therapeutic drugs and targets were obtained from the Drugbank database.The molecular descriptors of these drugs were calculated based on Dragon software.Drug-effect relationships that integrated the molecular descriptors and effect descriptors were plotted as grayscale images.These images were used to train the LeNet-5 model and the AlexNet model.The best-performing model was used to predict the effect features of the CMM compounds.Finally,the effect features of the PCMM combinations were calculated based on the support vector machine recursive feature elimination algorithm.Results:The AlexNet model showed a superior prediction performance.The results showed that its accuracy,precision,sensitivity,F-measure,and Matthews correlation coefficient on the training set were 0.940,0.936,0.945,0.940,and 0.880,respectively,and those of the test set were 0.909,0.901,0.920,0.910,and 0.819,respectively.A total of 399 compounds in the 42 CMMs for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis were predicted by this model.The key effect features of the Han-Ku-Gan combination were anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor,anti-atherosclerosis,anti-Parkinson,hypoglycemic,and anti-coagulant properties,as well as excitation of uterine smooth muscle.The key effect features of the Wen-Xin-Gan combination were anti-inflammatory,anti-atherosclerosis,anti-hypertensive,anti-coagulant,anti-tumor,and anti-cardiac insufficiency effects,as well as enhanced immunity,sedation and hypnosis,and analgesia.Conclusion:This study provides a new method for the further exploration of the relationship between the PCMM and clinical effect features.

OBJECTIVE: In order to distinguish the traditional Chinese medicine Bupleurum falcatum and its adulterants effectively and develop a better understanding of the factors affecting synonymous codon usage, codon usage patterns of chloroplast genome, we determine the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of B. falcatum and clarify the main factors that influence codon usage patterns of 78 genes in B. falcatum chloroplast genome. METHODS: The total genomic DNA of fresh leaves from a single individual of B. falcatum was extracted with EASYspin plus Total DNA Isolation Kit and 2 μg genome DNA was sequenced using Illumina Hiseq 2500 Sequencing Platform. The cp genome of B. falcatum was reconstructed with MITObim v1.8 and annotated in the program CPGAVAS2 with default parameters. Python script and Codon W were used to calculate the codon usage bias parameters. RESULTS: The full length of B. falcatum cp genome was 155 851 bp, 132 different genes were annotated in this cp genome containing 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. The codon usage models tended to use A/T-ending codons. The neutrality plot, ENC plot, PR2-Bias plot and correspondence analysis showed that both compositional constraint under selection and mutation could affect the codon usage models in B. falcatum cp genome. Furthermore, three optimal codons were identified and most of these three optimal codons ended with G/U. CONCLUSION The cp genome of B. falcatum has been characterized and the codon usage bias in B. falcatum cp genome is influenced by natural selection, mutation pressure and nucleotide composition. The results will provide much more barcode information for species discrimination and lay a foundation for future research on codon optimization of exogenous genes, genetic engineering and molecular evolution in B. falcatum.