Objective: This study aimed to determine the energy density and satiety of meals based on the healthy food plate model for Filipino adults. Methods: Thirteen healthy adult volunteers consumed breakfast test meals consisting of 1 cup go food, ½ cup grow food and 1 ½ cups glow food, following the recommended proportions in the plate model. Energy density (kcal/g) of the test meals was calculated. Feelings of hunger and fullness were assessed with 100-mm visual analogue scales (VAS) at pre-prandial (0 minute) and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 240 minutes postprandial. Ghrelin levels at 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results: The test meals had an average energy density of 0.83 kcal/g. Hunger and fullness scores gradually changed with time but hunger remained significantly lower and fullness significantly higher than the pre-prandial levels at 180 minutes postprandial. Ghrelin declined after intake of the test meals and stayed significantly lower than the pre-prandial level at 240 minutes postprandial (30.21 ± 4.58 pmol/L). Conclusion Meals following the recommendations in the healthy food plate model for Filipino adults have low energy density and its consumption sustained short-term satiety.
Ghrelin ; Hunger

The prevalence of obesity has been rapidly increasing worldwide over the last several decades and has become a major health problem in developed countries. The brain, especially the hypothalamus, plays a key role in the control of food intake by sensing metabolic signals from peripheral organs and modulating feeding behaviors. To accomplish these important roles, the hypothalamus communicates with other brain areas such as the brainstem and reward-related limbic pathways. The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin and pancreatic beta-cell-derived insulin inform adiposity to the hypothalamus. Gut hormones such as cholecystokinin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1, and oxyntomodulin transfer satiety signals to the brain and ghrelin relays hunger signals. The endocannabinoid system and nutrients are also involved in the physiological regulation of food intake. In this article, we briefly review physiological mechanisms of appetite regulation.
Adiposity ; Appetite ; Appetite Regulation ; Brain ; Brain Stem ; Cholecystokinin ; Developed Countries ; Eating ; Endocannabinoids ; Feeding Behavior ; Ghrelin ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 ; Hunger ; Hypothalamus ; Insulin ; Leptin ; Obesity ; Oxyntomodulin ; Pancreatic Polypeptide ; Peptide YY ; Prevalence

Esophageal duplication is the congenital developmental anomaly manifestated as cystic or tubular type. The tubular esophageal duplication found at adult is extremely rare. A patient with tubular esophageal duplication is reported. A 37 years old male developed epigastric pain aggravated at hunger state from 2 monthes before administration. Gastrofiberscopy was done, and we could found the tubular esophageal duplication at 25 cm from incisiors. Esophagogram exposed the tunnel communicated with right anterior side of normal esophagus at upper and lower part of the tubular pathway with the length of 6 cm at T4-5 level. The microscopic finding of the tubular lumen revealed normal esophageal wall structure involving the outer part of muscle layer. Surgical resection was not done for the lesion was small and no symptom due to esophageal duplication was present. And so, the authors report this case as a tubular esophageal duplication with a literature review.
Adult ; Esophagus ; Humans ; Hunger ; Male

The hypothesis of this study was that greater sugar consumption at breakfast promotes a stronger sensation of hunger and a later increase in energy consumption. The objective was to assess the relation between sugar consumption in a meal and the subsequent sensations of hunger and ad libitum food consumption. Sixteen women consumed a breakfast accompanied by 2 drinks sweetened ad libitum with sugar. After 3 h, a lunch was offered to evaluate ad libitum food consumption. During the period from breakfast to lunch, hunger sensations were evaluated at 30 min intervals. Women were divided according to the median amount of sugar used to sweeten the breakfast drinks (20 g). The group who consumed sugar above the median showed a greater hunger sensation in the preprandial period, and a greater ad libitum intake at lunch (390 +/- 130 g x 256 +/- 67 g, P = 0.002), compared to the group who had a lower sugar consumption. The amount of sugar consumed at breakfast was correlated positively with the sensation of preprandial hunger and food intake at lunch. We concluded that foods with a high glycemic index can modulate the appetite within a short period of time.
Appetite ; Breakfast ; Eating ; Female ; Glycemic Index ; Humans ; Hunger ; Lunch ; Meals ; Sensation

The objectives of this study were to (a) examine the users' characteristics of both government-dominant and non-governmental food bank programs, (b) understand the supporting quality of the food bank program, and (c) analyse the effectiveness of the programs from the users' perspectives. The random samples of 120 food bank operators were selected by proportionate stratified random sampling method and from each food bank, 3 users were selected for the survey. A total of 205 users were participated in this survey. The main results of this study were as follows; Average profile of food bank users were 58 year old, female, livelihood protectee (56.6%). Food assistance frequency were mostly once a week (34.1%), and everyday (22.4%). The survey also showed that non-governmental food banks delivered the food directly to the 42.7% of users, otherwise the users of government-dominant ones went to the food bank to receive the foods. Most of the donated foods were cooked food (50.0%), and the users also wanted to receive that kinds of food. Saving food expenses (55.6%) and overcoming hunger (16.6%) were found as the effectiveness to the users.
Female ; Food Assistance ; Humans ; Hunger ; Middle Aged

In an attempt to evaluate the efficacy ef cimetidine in treatment of erosive gastritis, a praspective study wras done in 9 cases of heworrhagie gastritia, 4 cases yunctiform gastritis, 9 caees verrueous gastritia, and 9 caseis mixed type, Four hundred mg of cimetidine was given in the morning and at bedtime for 3 weeks. Evaluation ef the efficacy was assessed by clinical syinptoms acoring and by endoscopic findings of erosion before treatment, on the 8th day, on the 15th day, and on the 22th day of treatment in all patients. The results were as follows; 1) Clinical sytnptoms in patients with erosive gastritis were epigastric discamfortness(83. 9%), heart burn(80. 0%), indigestion(77, 6%), hunger pain(74.2%), belching(71.0%), anotexla (48.4%) and nausea(45.5%). There was no differenees of symptoms among the type of erosion. 2) Percent decrease in clinical eyxeptoms were; 45% on the 8th day, 68% on the 15th day, 81% on the 22th day of treatment. Ciinical symptoms in patients with punetiform gastritis lasted longer than other typea. 3) Disappearance of the gastric mucossl erosion was seen in 8 cases of hemorrhagic gastritis, 6 case of mixed type, 5 cases of verruceous gastritis, 2 cases of punctiform gastritis, and overall 21 Cases(67.7%) on the 22th day of treatment, endoscopieally. Faur eases af punctiform gastritis were transformed into verrueous gastritis during the treatment. 4) Disappearance of the erosion was observed more frequently in the mueosa of oxyntic area than that of antrum. This study suggests that cimetidine appears to be effective for relief of elinical symptoms in patients with erosive gastritis, and for treatment of hemorrhagic gastritis and erosions in the mucosa of oxyntic area,
Cimetidine* ; Gastritis* ; Heart ; Humans ; Hunger ; Mucous Membrane

We examined the effects of 5 g red pepper powder in soup preload given at breakfast on food intake, blood pressure, body core temperature, hunger, fullness and thirst scores in 29 female collage students. All subjects received two kind of soup preloads in random order. After ingesting a soup, subjects ate other food items as a breakfast ad libitum. Two soups were of the same composition and volume but differed only in 5 g red pepper. So one soup designated as "beef-vegetable" and the other soup designated as "red pepper". Red pepper soup consumption significantly enhanced energy and macronutrient intake by 17%. The hunger scores after test meals were inversely correlated with energy and nutrient intake in beef-vegetable meal. However, the postprandial hunger scores were not correlated with energy and nutrient intakes in red pepper meal. The fullness scores at 90 min after the red pepper meal were inversely correlated with energy and nutrient intake whereas the fullness scores after beef-vegetable meal were not correlated with energy and nutrient intake. These results suggest that hot red pepper ingestion may desensitize some gastrointestinal vagal afferents and disturb feeling of hunger and fullness. The postprandial changes of body temperatures in red pepper meal were higher for a longer time in comparison with those in beef-vegetable meal. For the red pepper meal there frequently were higher correlations between blood pressures and anthropometric measurements, compared to those in beef-vegetable meal. These results might be explained partly by the enhancing effects of capsaicin on thermogenesis and sympathetic nervous system activity. It is concluded that the ingestion of spicy soup with red pepper can increase appetite, energy and nutrient intakes in Korean females, and this effect might be related to disturbed feeling of hunger and fullness.hunger and fullness.
Appetite* ; Blood Pressure* ; Body Temperature* ; Breakfast ; Capsaicin ; Capsicum* ; Eating ; Energy Intake* ; Female ; Humans ; Hunger ; Meals ; Sympathetic Nervous System ; Thermogenesis ; Thirst

Appetite controlling has been an main strategy for regulating food intake and energy balance in obesity treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of drinking tea of the medicinal herbs, fennel and fenugreek, on the subjective appetite in overweight Korean women. The study was conducted using a placebo-controlled, single-blinded, randomized, and 3-way crossover design. Nine healthy women were given fennel tea (FT), fenugreek tea (FGT), or placebo tea (PT). After drinking a given tea, a lunch buffet was provided and then food consumption of subjects was analyzed. Subjective appetite, hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption were measured at seven independent time point using a visual analog scale (VAS). Mean age of 9 subjects were 49.7 +/- 4.5 years and their mean body mass index were 24.6 +/- 0.6 kg/m2. There was no significant difference in food consumption in the lunch buffet after drinking each tea; however, with respect to the subjective appetite scale, FGT decreased hunger, led to less prospective food consumption, and increased feelings of fullness compared with the PT (p < 0.05). Similarly, the consumption of FT resulted in decreased hunger, less prospective food consumption, and increased feelings of fullness compared with the PT (p < 0.05). The area under the curve of VAS graph indicated that FGT resulted in a higher feeling of fullness than the PT (p < 0.05). In conclusion, drinking the FT and FGT were significantly effective aid to suppress subjective appetite among overweight women in South Korea.
Appetite* ; Body Mass Index ; Cross-Over Studies ; Drinking* ; Eating ; Female ; Foeniculum* ; Humans ; Hunger ; Korea ; Lunch ; Obesity ; Overweight* ; Plants, Medicinal ; Tea* ; Trigonella* ; Visual Analog Scale

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that H.pylori causes changes in fundic leptin levels and plasma levels of ghrelin, and that eradication of H.pylori infection can increase appetite. There is also a report that showed changes of appetite between before and after eradication of H.pylori in peritoneal dialysis patients. Our study investigated the degree of appetite between H.pylori negative group and H.pylori positive group in adults. METHODS: The subjects included those without appetite- related diseases. We carried out gastroscopy and then performed CLO test in subjects who had no gastric lesions. We interviewed the study subjects about appetite related behavior (three items: desire to eat, hunger before meal, deliciousness) using visual analogue scale. We examined the appetite related behavior between CLO (??) group and CLO (+) group. RESULTS: The difference of age, sex, height, weight, body mass index, alcohol con sumption, blood pressure, hemoglobin, fasting blood sugar, AST, ALT, GGT between CLO (??) group and CLO (+) group were not statistically significant. The difference of appetite related behavior (three items) between CLO (??) group and CLO (+) group was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The degree of appetite between CLO (??) group and CLO (+) group was not different.
Adult ; Anorexia ; Appetite* ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; Fasting ; Gastroscopy ; Ghrelin ; Helicobacter pylori* ; Helicobacter* ; Humans ; Hunger ; Leptin ; Meals ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Plasma

BACKGROUND: Appetite control and weight reduction is important for the treatment of chronic disease such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Visual analogue scales (VAS) is widely used to assess appetite. We investigated the reproducibility and the validity of the Korean version of VAS for appetite which will be helpful for clinical use. METHODS: The subjects received the same test meal and 8 VAS questionnaires between 6 weeks. They started to fill out the questionnaire before lunch, continued after lunch every hour, and ended after dinner. The questionnaire was asked about hunger, satiety, fullness, prospective consumption, sweet, salty, savoury, and fatty. During the test meal, the subjects could eat ad libitum until 'comfortable satisfaction'; and after the test meal we calculated energy intake. We assessed the correlation between test-retest VAS for each appetite and evaluated the validity of VAS for hunger with energy intake as "gold-standard". RESULTS: The VAS curves of each appetite were similar between the test and the retest. The VAS of each appetite on the test day was strongly correlated with that on the retest day. The CRs of 4.5 hour mean VAS (20~34 mm) was smaller than the CRs of fasting VAS (35~54 mm). The correlation coefficient of Hunger VAS before dinner and the energy intake was 0.436 on the test day and 0.400 on the retest day. The VAS of the sweet was correlated to the total glucose intake (P<0.05), and the VAS of salty to the salt intake. CONCLUSION: The validity of the VAS score for appetite, especially hunger, sweet and salty taste was good. Indeed, the reliability of VAS for appetite was good to use this scale in a clinical setting.
Appetite ; Chronic Disease ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Energy Intake ; Fasting ; Glucose ; Hunger ; Hypertension ; Lunch ; Meals ; Obesity ; Sensation ; Weight Loss ; Weights and Measures ; Surveys and Questionnaires