This study was designed to determine the schemata and their characteristics of stress experience the subjectivity of stress experience(structure of subjectivity) would be a basic step for the effective clinical education through the stress management for characteristics of these types. Q-methodological method was used for that purpose. The research method statements were collected prior to the study through indepth interviews. For the study, 31 Q-statements were selected. There were 34 nursing students as subjects for the research. The 34 nursing students sorted the 31 statements using the principal of forced normal distribution. The principle of forced normal distribution, which has 9 scales to measure the individual opinions, was called. Q-factor analysis by using PC QUANL program supply the material. According to the outcomes of this study, there were 3 types of special opinion about the stress experience of clinical practice. The first type is called "Influence of practical atmosphere type". Members of this type experienced stress by an inadequate orientation and undesirable role model of nursing. The second type is called "conflict of nursing role type". Members of this type experienced stress by an inadequate orientation and undesirable role model of nursing. The third type is called "Lack of confidence type". Members of this type experienced stress be cause of a lack of confidence for their own nursing knowledge and skill. As a result, we now need further study to identify individual psychological aspects of stress for clinical practice. The findings will guide the development in effective approaches for clinical education. Finally, the result of the study will provide us the need for developing systematic and integrated practice education program for students and active involvement of clinical instructor.
Atmosphere ; Education ; Humans ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing* ; Weights and Measures ; Child Health

PURPOSE: Professional nursing ethics is a living, dynamic set of standards for nurses'professional moral behavior. Furthermore, in daily clinical nursing training, nursing students are constantly confronted with decisionmaking that is moral in nature. The aim of this study was to identify the perceived ethical attitudes in the clinical training process of senior nursing students using Q-methodology to offer basic strategies for nursing ethics education and thereby improve patients'care. METHODS: Q-methodology provides a scientific method for identifying perception structures that exist within certain individuals or groups. Thirty-seven participants in a university rated 38 selected Q-statements on a scale of 1-9. The collected data were analyzed using pc-QUNAL software. RESULTS: Principal component analysis identified 3 types of ethical attitudes in nursing students in Korea. The categories were labeled Sacred-life, Science-realistic and Humane-life. Sacred-life individuals think that a life belongs to an absolute power (God), not a man, and a human life is a high and noble thing. Science-realistic individuals disagreed that allowing an induced abortion or embryo (human) duplication is unethical behavior that provokes a trend, which takes the value of a life lightly; most of them took a utilitarian position with respect to ethical decisions. Humane-life individuals exhibit a tendency toward human-centered thought with respect to ethical attitudes. CONCLUSION: This study will be of interest to educators of students of nursing and hospital nursing administrators. Also, the findings may provide the basis for the development of more appropriate strategies to improve nursing ethics education programs.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Analysis of Variance ; *Attitude of Health Personnel/ethnology ; Clinical Competence/standards ; Decision Making ; *Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate/ethics/standards ; *Ethics, Nursing/education ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humanism ; Humans ; Interprofessional Relations/ethics ; Korea ; Morals ; Needs Assessment ; Nursing Methodology Research/methods ; Patient Rights/ethics ; Philosophy, Nursing ; *Q-Sort ; Religion and Psychology ; Students, Nursing/*psychology ; Value of Life

Since death is an extremely subjective and unique experience, if we take into account the lack of understanding about death due to the difficulty in methodology, it is very important to try to understand the subjectivity of death. In this respect, Q-methodology that explains and shows the respondents' subjectivity by objectifying his subjectivity is employed as a solution to the questions in this study. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide data on how medical personnel should treat their patients, when, it comes to death ; by finding out the opinions of those who are being treated, namely the patients, and those who are providing the treatment, namely the medical personnel. It also by examined the characteristics and relationships between these two groups on attitudes to death. The results of this study show that medical personnel have two(fate-recipient, reality-oriented) types of response and patients have three(religion-dependent, science-adherent, sardonist) types. Medical personnel saw patients as having three(life-attached, traditionalist, death-rejector) types of response and to patients saw medical personnel as having two(rationalist, humanist)types. The relationship between the above-mentioned types will be examined in a coorientation model, the subjectivity of the medical personnel and the patient toward death indicates a relatively high understanding between the two groups under the great proposition of 'death'. Therefore, in their relationship with people who are facing death, the provider of care, namely the medical personnel, should identify the subjectivity of the patient before approaching them. By doing this, they can minimize the conflicts they might experience in establishing a therapeutic relationship, reduce suffering, and help the patient in greeting a more comfortable death. Throughout the study, Q-methodology expands out understanding of coorientation model that has only been approached with R-methodology. This study confirmed Q's potentiality and its validity in human subjective matters.
Attitude to Death ; Humans

No abstract available.
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular* ; Kidney Failure, Chronic*

Sixteen patients who had radial head fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation using Herbert screws (10 patients), and with silastic prosthetic replacement (6 patients) from March, 1992 to December, 1994 in Chungnam National University hospital. The average duration of follow up was 19.5 months. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of Herbert screw fixation and silicone replacement arthroplasty and to asscess the clinical results of two groups functionally, radiologically in raidial head fractures. By functional rating index (modified After B.F. Morrey et al), the results were classified as excellent (9 patients), good (6 patients), fair (No patient) and poor (1 patient). Nine of the ten patients treated by open reduction and internal fixation using Herbert screws had resulted in excellent or good. All patients were inserted silastic implants were showed excellent or good results. Especially, in Mason Type III radial head fractures, three of four patients treated by Herbert screws and all 5 patients treated by silastic prosthesis were considered to excellent or good results. We concluded that Herbert screw fixation or silastic prosthetic replacement had satisfactorily appeared to be the alternative treatment option for Mason Type III radial head fractures.
Arthroplasty, Replacement ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Follow-Up Studies ; Head* ; Humans ; Prostheses and Implants ; Silicones

This study was undertaken to investigate the casual perceptions and health seeking behaviors of Rheumatoid arthritis patients, define and understand the typology, and find the relationship between causal perceptions and health seeking behavioral types. There were six types(Physical Fatigue, Dispensation of Nature, Causality to Environment, Conscience of Guilty, Rationally perceiving, Psychological Stress) of subjective opinion about Causal Perceptions of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. And there were four types(Oriental medical Treatment, Information Seeking Dietary Control, Western Medical Treatment) of subjective opinion about Health Seeking Behaviors. In the relationship between types of the causal perceptions and health seeking behaviors, oriental medical treatment and information seeking type were common health seeking behaviors of all six causal perception types, Only difference for internal causal perception types was related to hospital instructions and external causal perception types were related to dietary control. The result of this study can help health care provides, especially nurses to understand the types of causal perceptions and health seeking behaviors of Rheumatoid arthritis patients to gain treatment educational nursing intervention to aid health care.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid* ; Conscience ; Delivery of Health Care ; Fatigue ; Humans ; Nursing

Stomach cancer is the most popular tumor in Korea but the prognosis following extensive surgery and chemotherapy has not improved for many years. Conventional external radiotherapy also has some limitation, namely, a cancerocidal dose cannot be delivered to tumors because of low radiation tolerance of adjacent critical sensitive organs. In order to overcome these limitations of curative surgery and external radiotherapy, intraoperative radiotherapy was proposed in many centers and the results were excellent. We treated two cases of locally advanced gastric cancers with IORT by using NEC 18 MeV Linear Accelerator after standard subtotal resection of the stomach. After treatment, the patients are in good conditions so far, but in order to evaluate the effectiveness of IORT, a study will be performed on the survival rates between patients treated by IORT and those treated by surgery alone.
Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Korea ; Particle Accelerators ; Prognosis ; Radiation Tolerance ; Radiotherapy ; Stomach ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Survival Rate

The purpose of this study was to develop an education program for hospice care and to examine the effect of program. The education program for hospice care was developed based on the philosophy and principle of Hospice and integrated with various professional areas related to the problems with witch terminal patients and their family might be associated. The program was continued for 16 weeks and consisted of lectures and practices. The courses of this program were The Concept and Principle of Hospice, The Role of the Hospice Nurse, The Characteristics of Terminal Disease, Physical Care in Terminal Patients, Death Orientation, Psychological care for Terminal Patients, Spiritual care for Terminal Patients, and Care for the Family. To identify the effect of the education program for hospice care, the difference in death orientation of subjects between the pre and post performance of the education program was examined using the t-test. The finding of this statistic indicated that this education program for hospice care was effective in terms of changing the death orientation of subjects with positive direction. The education program for hospice care was performed several times at Kwangrim Hospice Missionary, Chungbuk University Hospital, and Wooam Church. Case studies were reported for a description after the performance of education. put this at the beginning 8 the sentence. In conclusion, the education program for hospice care was developed effectively. Therefore, this program should be used to educate and activate the subjects in community to be participants in hospice care.
Chungcheongbuk-do ; Education* ; Hospice Care* ; Hospices* ; Humans ; Lectures ; Missions and Missionaries ; Philosophy

PURPOSE: This study was done to analyze the changes in smokers' subjectivity about smoking before and after participation in a 5-day hospitalized smoking cessation program. Design: Q-methodology, which provides a scientific method on subjectivity, was applied. Findings: Nine types of subjectivity changes about smoking were identified; Type I, Nicotine craving --> Confident of self control for smoking; Type II, Nicotine craving --> Cognition of the link between habituation and smoking, Type III, Nicotine craving --> Nicotine craving, Type IV, smoking as a social behavior --> Cognition of the link between habituation and smoking, Type V, smoking as a social behavior --> Motive to turn away from being addicted to smoking to being healthy, Type VI, Habitual smoking --> Confident of self control for smoking, Type VII, Habitual smoking --> Cognition of the link between habituation and smoking, Type VIII, Habitual smoking --> Motive to turn away from being addicted to smoking to being healthy and Type IX, Denial of the negative effects of smoking --> Confident of self control for smoking CONCLUSION: The types of changes in smokers' subjectivity before and after the smoking cessation program in this study suggest a better tailored intervention for individual smokers. The types of changes on smokers' subjectivity provide insight about which factors of the interventions for smoking cessation are especially valued for a particular group of smokers.
Smoking Cessation/*psychology ; Smoking/prevention & control/*psychology ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Humans ; Hospitalization ; Female ; *Attitude to Health ; Adult

PURPOSE: Most patients who finally diagnosed as the cecal and ascending colonic diverticulitis would complain pain on right low quadrant of abdomen. So many of them unfortunately would be performed emergency operation for presumed appendicitis. We are purposed to verify the usefulness of colonoscopy for the diagnosis and aimed to treat many patients with this disease conservatively. METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively the medical records of the 46 patients who diagnosed as the cecal and ascending colonic diverticulitis under admission at general surgery department during 4 years from January, 1997 to December, 2000. RESULTS: The mean age was 40.1 years and the male to female ratio was 1.2:1. Most common clinical manifestation was abdominal pain (46 cases) and nausea/vomiting (13 cases), fever/chill (4 cases) followed. On physical examination on abdomen, 26 patients had tenderness with rebound tenderness on right low quadrant and 18 patients showed only tenderness on right low quadrant. The mean peripheral WBC count was 10,600.9/mm2. Diagnostic tools were abdominal ultrasonography (34 cases), abdominal CT (13 cases), barium enema (8 cases) and colonoscopy (22 cases). The sensitivities of each modalities were 52.6%, 46.2%, 33.3% and 81.8% respectively. The respective mean hospital days depending on the treatment arms were as follows: 6.0 days of the conservatively treated group, 8.0 days of whom were operated as exploratory laparotomy with incidental appendectomy and 16.9 days of whom were operated as Right-hemicolectomy. 17 patients of 24 colonoscopy-done patients were recovered with conservative treatment, compared with only 7 patients of 22 colonoscopy-undone patients (P=0.0005). 2 cases of the conservatively managed groups were operated later due to recurrences (mean follow up periods=20 months). 2 operated patients had complications of postoperative ileus. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our study, the indications of colonoscopy are that in whom impressed clinically as acute appendicitis, on physical examination there be obvious tenderness on right low quadrant but obscure rebound tenderness, on peripheral blood smear the WBC counts range from normal to mild increased (<15,000/mm2), and on ultrasonography, appendix couldn't be detected or colonic wall show thickening. In patients who selected fit for indications, colonoscopy is safe and highly sensitive. We would manage these patients more conservatively, and may reduce their hospital stay.
Abdomen ; Abdominal Pain ; Appendectomy ; Appendicitis ; Appendix ; Arm ; Barium ; Cecum ; Colon* ; Colon, Ascending ; Colonoscopy* ; Diagnosis ; Diverticulitis ; Diverticulitis, Colonic* ; Emergencies ; Enema ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Ileus ; Laparotomy ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Medical Records ; Physical Examination ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ultrasonography