Background: to assess the disturbances of blood gases in the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), ventilation function was explored and blood gases were measured in 68 patients (mean age: 65.923.8) with COPD consisting of 40 males (58.8%) and 28 females (41.2%). Results: a large number of the patients hospitalized at late stages (32.35% at stage 1.25% at stage II and 42.5% at stage III). The main disturbance of blood gases in patients with COPD at stage I was a trivial PaO2 reduction with/ or without PaCO2 increase, on the contrary, the main disturbances of blood gases in those at stages II and III were severe exacerbation with a mixed feature (PaO2 reduction and PaCO2 increase). In the patients with COPD at stage I, PaO2 and PaCO2 did not significantly change (p>0.05); but there were significant disturbances in PaO2 and PaCO2 values in those at stages II and III (p<0.05). Conclusion: The result suggest that COPD should be identified, treated and managed at early stage because the chances of a fatal outcome are greater at late stage and, blood gases should be determined only at stage II and III COPD.
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Gases

Background and Objects: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common respiratory diseases. Its etiologic factor of the first magnitude is cigarette smoking. In its course, COPD has many complications in which there are cardiovascular ones showed by ECG abnormalities. To investigate ECG abnormalities at different stages of CODP and the correlation between cigarette smoking and severity of the disease, we analyzed cigarette consumption, ventilation function tests and ECG at 68 patients with COPD, Staging of COPD was based on American Thoracic Society's criteria 1995. Results: 52.3% of the patients had ECG abnormalities (ECG abnormality rates of the patients at stage 1,2 and 3 are 29.5%, 50% and 74.1% respectively). The frequent ECG abnormalities in COPD were right atrial hypertrophy (29.23%), right ventricular hypertrophy (7.69%) or both of them (15.38%). There was a negative and high correlation between cigarette consumption and% FEV1 (r=-0.8484), and cigarette consumption increased significantly from stage 1 to stage 3 of COPD. Conclusions: COPD at the more severe stage had the higher ECG abnormalities in COPD were right atrial hypertrophy, or right ventricular hypertrophy, or the both. The patients smoking more cigarettes were of more severe stage. Therefore, it is extremely important to advise the patients to stop smoking as soon as possible to prevent and manage COPD.
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; tobacco

Background: Phu Tho is a mountainous province in the northwest of Vietnam. People here have the habit to eat raw fish; this is the favorable conditions for small liver fluke (clonorchsis sinensis) circulation and development. \r\n', u'Objectives: 1) To determine infection rate and infection intensity in workers of tea companies in Phu Tho province. 2) To evaluate effectiveness of treatment Clonorchis sinensis by Distocid.\r\n', u'Subjects and methods: Across- sectional survey was carried out in September 2007 in the tea companies in Phu Tho province, 400 peoples (200 male, 200 female), were examined stool samples to find helminthic eggs by Kato-Katz technique.\r\n', u'Results: The cumulative infection rate Clonorchis sinensis was 22.25%, of which a significant difference of the infection rate of clonorchis sinensis was found in males: 27.4% and in females: 16.7%, respectively (p< 0.05). The cure rate by Distocid was 97.7%.\r\n', u'Conclusion: The infection rate of workers in the areas was rather high\r\n', u'Therefore, it is necessary to propagandize and educate for workers and the community understanding of the harmful effects of Clonorchis sinensis and how to prevent small liver fluke disease; changing risk behaviors such as not eating raw fish\r\n', u'
Clonnorchis sinensis ; workers ; tea companies

Objective: Understanding complex epigenetic mechanisms is necessary to fully elucidate the effects of antipsychotic drug. This study investigated DNA methylation and mRNA expression levels of dopamine D2 and D1 receptor (Drd2 and Drd1, respectively), nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (Nr3c1) and stathmin 1 (Stmn1) in brain regions of mice exposed to social defeat stress (SDS) and effects of risperidone on altered methylation and mRNA expression levels induced by SDS. Methods: Following SDS for 10 days, risperidone (0.2 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered to adult mice for 7 days. Brain tissues from the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HIP) and amygdala (AMY) were processed to measure methylation and mRNA levels of Drd2, Drd1, Nr3c1 and Stmn1 using pyrosequencing and real time-polymerase chain reaction. Results: We found altered methylation status of Nr3c1 and Stmn1 in the HIP and AMY of mice exposed to SDS. These changes were reversed by risperidone treatment. In addition, different methylation patterns of Drd2 and Drd1 in the PFC and AMY between defeated and control mice were identified with risperidone treatment. Conclusion These findings suggest that risperidone can cause epigenetic changes in Drd2, Drd1, Nr3c1 and Stmn1 in defeated mice. These changes could be epigenetic mechanisms underlying antipsychotic efficacy.