No abstract available.
Action Potentials*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evaluating the olfactory function is as important in animal research as morphological study. However, it is difficult to gauge the smell function in rats because of the underdevelopment of current electrophysiologic measuring devices. The aim of this study is to assess changes in smell dysfunction induced by 3-methylindole (3-MI) in rats using an 8-odor olfactometer. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Ethyl acetate at 10(-4.0) (v/v) concentration was used as an S+ odorant, and six different concentrations (10 (-4.0), 10(-4.5), 10(-5.0), 10(-5.5), 10(-6.0), 10(-6.5)) of butanol mixed with ethyl acetate were used as an S- odorant. S+ and S- stimuli were delivered randomly using the 8-odor olfactometer. After injection of 3-MI at a dosage of 300 mg/kg, mixed odor discrimination test was performed for five weeks. RESULTS: Normal rats were able to discriminate ethyl acetate from ethyl acetate mixed with butanol to a concentration down to 10(-6.2) (v/v). Immediately after the 3-MI injection, the rats lost all capacity for smell. From 16 days later, the smell function began improving spontaneously. At the end of the fifth week, the discrimination threshold was 10(-5.7) (v/v), which was almost equal to the original level. CONCLUSIONS: Systematically administered 3-MI caused smell loss in rats. Though not completely, the smell function was recovered spontaneously. An olfactometer is a reliable and accurate device in evaluating the olfactory function in rats.
Animal Experimentation ; Animals ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Female ; Humans ; Odors ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Skatole* ; Smell*

No abstract available.
Apnea* ; Humans

No abstract available.
Hearing*

No abstract available.
Foreign Bodies*

No abstract available.
Tracheal Stenosis*

Since 1957, when Walsh and Ogura introduced transantral orbital decompression, various surgical approaches have been introduced for the treatment of dysthyroid orbitopathy. With the development of endoscopic sinus surgery, orbital decompression can now be approached transnasally by endoscope alone. We reviewed the medical records of 10 patients who had received endoscopic orbital decompression. Of the 10 patients, four eyes from three patients were managed for decreased visual acuity, while 13 eyes from seven patients were managed for exophthalmos. Three patients who had initially complained of decreased vision demonstrated eventual improvement. An initial mean proptosis of 19.3 mm decreased to 16.5 mm. Six eyes with abnormal color vision were resolved after the decompression. Four patients with diplopia complained of continued diplopia after the decompression and were managed with extraocular muscle surgery or prism glasses. Compared to the conventional transantral approach, endoscopic orbital decompression features less morbidity and comparable ophthalmic results.
Color Vision ; Decompression* ; Diplopia ; Endoscopes ; Exophthalmos ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Orbit* ; Visual Acuity

No abstract available.
Airway Remodeling ; Angiogenesis Inducing Agents ; Rhinitis ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial

No Abstract available.

No abstract available.