The authors studied EBV genome expression in 40 conventionally processed samples of nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC), using in situ hybridization for EBERs and immunohistochemistry for LMP, Bcl-2 and p53 proteins. The NPCs consisted of 6 keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas (KSCs), 13 nonkeratinizing carcinomas (NKCs) and 21 undifferentiated carcinomas (UCs). The results were summarized as follows: 1) EBERs were expressed in 80.0% of all the NPCs (32/40). As for the subtypes, they were detected in 92.3% of NKCs (12/13), in 90.5% of the UCs (19/21), and in 16.7% of the KSCs (1/6). In positive cases, the nuclei of tumor cells displayed uniformly strong staining. 2) LMP was expressed in 10.0% of all the NPCs (4/40), all of which were UC. The LMP expression in the UCs was not correlated to the expression of EBERs, Bcl-2 and p53 proteins. 3) Bcl-2 protein was detected in 85.0% of all the NPCs (34/40). As for the subtypes, they were detected in 92.3% of the NKCs (12/13), in 90.5% of the UCs (19/21), and in 50.0% of the KSCs (3/6). 4) p53 protein was detected in 75.0% of all the NPCs (30/40). As for the subtypes, they were detected in 81.0% of the UCs (17/21), in 69.2% of the NKCs (9/13), and in 66.7% of the KSCs (4/6). 5) In the NPCs the expression of EBER showed a significantly positive correlation with that of p53 or Bcl-2 protein. The above results indicate that the association of EBV with NPC is chiefly with poorly differentiated and undifferentiated carcinomas. Additionally, carcinomas commonly display widespread, strong immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 and p53 proteins over tumor cells. In conclusion, these observations indicate that the EBV-association in NPC appears to contribute to the overexpression of tumor-related genes during carcinogenesis.
Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Genome ; Herpesvirus 4, Human* ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization

No abstract available.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The study was designed to investigate the changes in the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) according to time after being exposed to noise trauma and find out the effect of HIF-1 alpha in the prevention of noiseinduced hearing loss by pre-treatment with cobalt chloride (CoCl2). SUBJECTS AND METHOD: BALB/c hybrid mice with 25 dB HL or less ABR were used in this study. In the study group, subjects were exposed to 120 dB SPL broad white band noise for 3 hours per day for 3 days. The changes in their hearing were documented before and after 1, 2, 3, 4, and 9 days of the first noise exposure. CoCl2 was injected into the peritoneum 2 hours prior to each noise exposure to see the effect of induced HIF-1alpha on noise-induced hearing loss. For the control, injection with distilled water was performed and hearing thresholds were measured in the same manner. Cochlea from each group was obtained in order to observe the morphological changes in the inner ear and the expression of the HIF-1alpha using immunohistochemial staining and immuno-fluorescein staining along with quantification of the hair cell loss. RESULTS: Mice exposed to the noise for 3 days, showed permanent threshold shift and the expression of HIF-1alpha was increased. When HIF-1alpha was induced by pre-treatment of CoCl2 prior to the noise exposure, however, hearing recovery was observed to some degree. And hair cell survival rate was also higher when treated with CoCl2 compared to the distilled water treated group. CONCLUSION: When pre-treated with CoCl2, inducing HIF-1alpha before the noise trauma, it allowed for a less stereocilia loss in the hair cells in the organ of Corti. HIF-1alpha may play an important role in the prevention of noise-induced hearing loss.
Animals ; Anoxia ; Cell Survival ; Cobalt ; Cochlea ; Ear, Inner ; Hair ; Hearing ; Hearing Loss ; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced* ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 ; Mice ; Noise ; Organ of Corti ; Peritoneum ; Stereocilia ; Water

Real-time ultrasongraphy is a simple, accurate, noninvasive and potentially valuable means of studying gallbladder size and emptying. The authors calculated ultrasonographically the ejection fraction of 80 cases of normally functioning gallbladder on oral cholecystography, from June 1983 to April 1984, at the department of radiology, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital. The results were obtained as follows; 1. Ultrasongraphic Ejection Fraction at 30 minutes after the fatty meal was 73.1+-16.85. 2. There was no significant difference in age and sex, statistically.
Cholecystography ; Gallbladder ; Heart ; Meals

Acromioclavicular joint injuries are frequently seen with the recent increase of traffic and industrial accidents. The treatment of complete separation of the acromioclavicular joint has been, and is still, a subject of controversy. In view of a recent trend, anatomical reduction of acromioclavicular joint, and rigid internal fixation method is preferable, especially in type 3 injury. We operated on 16 cases of complete acromioclavicular separation by the technique of coracoclavicular wiring from March 1983 to Feb. 1987. The following results were obtained. 1. The functional results were excellent; 12 cases(75%), good; 3 cases(19a%), and fair ; 1 cases(6%). 2. The complications include wire reakage ; 1 case(6%), bony erosion ; 3 cases(19%) and subluxation, 1 case(6%). 3. The advantages of coracoclavicular wiring. 1) Avoids violation of acromioclavicular joint but does not restrict rotation of the clavicle. 2) The operation is simple to perform. 3) Postoperative immobilization is minimal. 4) Removal of the wire is easy under local anesthesia. 5) This method corresponds to the coracoclavicular ligment biomechanically. Therefore, coracoclavicular wiring is thought to be a good operative method in the treatment of complete acromioclavicular separation.
Accidents, Occupational ; Acromioclavicular Joint ; Anesthesia, Local ; Clavicle ; Immobilization ; Methods

No abstract available.
Female ; Germ Cells* ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal* ; Ovary*

No abstract available.
Cognition*

Metabolic acidosis (MA) is associated with increased proteolysis, increased osteoclast activity and blunted cardiac muscle response, but the effect of MA on various clinic al parameters in CAPD patients is not well known. To evaluate the effects of MA on serum albumin level and other nutritional parameters in CAPD patients, we studied 106 CAPD patients retrospectively who have had monthly biochemical measurement and urea kinetic studies every 6 months for more than 2 years. The patients were divided into three groups according to their mean total CO2 (tCO2) level of the 2-year follow-up (Group l; mean tCO2 < 22mM/L, Group ll; 22mM/L < or = mean tCO2 < 26mM/L, and Group lll; mean tCO2 > or = 26mM/L), and the clinical, biochemical, and urea kinetic data were compared among the three groups. 1)The mean age of the subjects was 46.9+/-12.2 years with a sex ratio of 1.2:1, the mean CAPD duration 28.3+/-21.8 months, mean body weight (Bwt) 59.0+/-8.9kg, %Bwt/IBW 104.1+/-11.5%, %LBM/Bwt 75.5+/-11.1% and well-nourished patients by subjective global assessment (SGA) were 65%. 2)The mean BUN, creatinine, total protein and albumin of all patients were 55.6+/-13.6mg/dL, 12.3+/-3.5mg/dL, 6.6+/-0.7g/dL and 4.0+/-0.4g/dL, respectively. In urea kinetic study, the mean NPCR, weekly Kt/ Vurea, SCCr and RRF were 0.96+/-0.16g/kg/day, 2.02+/-0.37, 63.7+/-18.4L/week/1.73m2, and 0.99+/-1.32ml/ min, respectively. 3)The mean age was significantly higher in group l (51.0+/-10.8) than those of group ll (47.0+/-12.4) and lll (42.6+/-11.4) (P<0.05). %Bwt/IBW of group l (114.4+/-15.8%) was also significantly higher than those of group ll (104.6+/-12.6%) and lll (103.5+/-13.7 %) (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in sex ratio, CAPD duration, %LBM/Bwt, and SGA among the three groups. 4)The mean tCO2 in group l, group ll, and group lll were 20.6+/-1.2mM/L, 23.9+/-1.1mM/L, and 27.3+/-0.8mM/L, respectively. Compared to group lll, group l had significantly higher BUN (61.1+/-14.3 vs. 46.1+/-7.2mg/dL, P<0.05) and serum albumin (4.04+/-0.31 vs. 3.75+/-0.39g/dL, P<0.05), in spite of comparable dialysis dose and albumin loss into dialysate. 5)NPCR (1.02+/-0.21g/kg/day vs. 0.88+/-0.14g/kg/ day, P<0.05) and ultrafiltration volume (1.4+/-0.4 vs. 1.0+/-0.3, P<0.05) were significantly higher in group l than those of group lll. But there were no significant differences in Kt/Vurea, SCCr, RRF, and 24-hour dialysate loss of protein/albumin among the three groups. 6)No differences were observed among the three groups in the changes of body weight, %Bwt/IBW, %LBM/Bwt, BUN, albumin, NPCR, and RRF from the baseline values after the 2-year follow-up. 7)There were significant inverse correlations between the mean tCO2 level and NPCR (r=-0.33, P<0.001), %Bwt/IBW (r=-0.32, P<0.001), RRF (r=-0.29, P<0.005), and serum albumin level (r=-0.24, P<0.05). But, creatinine, %LBM/Bwt, and Kt/Vurea did not show any correlation with the mean tCO2 level. 8)Using stepwise multiple regression analysis, NPCR (beta=-0.3491, P<0.001), %Bwt/IBW (beta=-0.046, P<0.001), and ultrafiltration volume (beta=-0.0012, P< 0.005) were independent factors affecting the mean tCO2 level. In conclusion, low total CO2 level in long-term CAPD patients may reflect increased protein intake and mild to moderate degree of metabolic acidosis may not affect the nutritional status of well-dialyzed CAPD patients.
Acidosis* ; Body Weight ; Creatinine ; Dialysis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Myocardium ; Nutritional Status ; Osteoclasts ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory* ; Proteolysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Serum Albumin* ; Sex Ratio ; Ultrafiltration ; Urea

Most of dural arteriovenous malformations(AVM's) of lateral and sigmoid sinuses are known to acquired lesions evolving from a previously thrombosed dural sinus. Their clinical symptoms and signs are variable and their natural history is usually that of gradual progression and hence surgery is frequent necessary. The preferred surgical treatment is complete isolation or excision of the lesion. The authors have experienced 1 case of AVM's of lateral and sigmoid dural sinuses associated with intracerebral hematoma which was treated with complete excision of involved sinus with good result.
Arteriovenous Malformations ; Colon, Sigmoid* ; Hematoma ; Natural History

Carcinosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor composed of a mixture of neoplastic epithelial and mesenchymal elements, which has been reported in many organ systems, but its occurrence is very rare in the skin. An 81-year-old female patient presented with aml-year-history of a painful exophytic mass on the tip of the middle finger of the right hand involving the distal part of the nail bed. The mass was 1 × 1 × 0.6 cm in size, hard, flesh colored, ulcerated and easily bleeding. Microscopically, the epidermis at the margin of the tumor showed the characteristic findings of squamous cell carcinoma and the carcinomatous component was mixed with malignant mesenchymal components focally differentiating into chondrosarcoma. This combination of squamous cell carcinoma and chondrosarcoma has not been reported yet in the skin. She had a distal interphalanx amputation and no recurrence appeared for 1 year on follow-up.
Aged, 80 and over ; Amputation ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Carcinosarcoma ; Chondrosarcoma* ; Epidermis ; Epithelial Cells* ; Female ; Fingers ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hand ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Recurrence ; Skin* ; Ulcer