Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine is designed to prevent cervical cancer by preventing HPV infection of the uterine cervix. HPV vaccines are made of virus-like particles which are composed of L1 protein of viral coats. Two HPV vaccines have been developed. "Cervarix" is a bivalent vaccine which contains L1 protein of HPV 16 and HPV 18, and "Gardasil" is a quadrivalent vaccine which contained L1 protein of HPV 6 and HPV 11 in addition to HPV16 and HPV18. Clinical studies showed that both vaccines are highly effective to prevent cervical, vaginal and vulvar precancerous lesion in the population who are naive to HPV infection. Furthermore quadrivalent vaccine showed high efficacy to prevent genital warts. Efficacy of the vaccine decreased in total population who included both HPV-naive and HPV-infected people. Both vaccines demonstrated immune responses and immune memory up to 5 years. Safety studies showed no demonstrable major adverse reaction. From the public health standpoint, HPV vaccine is an important vaccine for young adolescent girls who have not begun sexual activities. Efficacy for mid-aged women needs more evidence based on pathology-based efficacy studies.
Adolescent ; Cervix Uteri ; Condylomata Acuminata ; Female ; Human papillomavirus 11 ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; Human papillomavirus 6 ; Humans ; Memory ; Papilloma ; Papillomavirus Vaccines ; Public Health ; Sexual Behavior ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Vaccines ; Viruses

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the diagnostic applicability of human papillomavirus (HPV) liquid chip assay which is based on Luminex XMAP System, and perform a HPV epidemiologic study with the liquid chip in women of Shandong province.

METHODSTo detect HPV genotypes on a 96-well plate with the liquid chip which can simultaneously detect and identify 26 common HPV genotypes in a total of 2925 cervical scrapes obtained from gynecological outpatients as well as to analyze the relationship between HPV types and different cervical diseases by studying the distribution of HPV genotypes and pathologic diagnosis.

RESULTSAmong 639 cases who performed pathologic/cytological and histological diagnoses, 184 cases are in group of normal cytology, 266 cases in group of, 77 cases in group of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, 7 cases in group of CIN I - II, 46 cases in group of CIN I - II, 46 cases in group of CIN I - II and 13 cases in group of cervical cancer. The overall incidence of HPV in our samples is 36.0% (1054/2925) and 23 types of all 26 types on liquid chip are found. The most common genotypes found are HPV-16 (26.75%), HPV-52 (25.75%), HPV-58 (10.47%), HPV-18 (8.87%) and HPV-11 (6.94%). Among all the positive types, 87.32% are high-risk HPV and 13.68% are low-risk HPV genotypes. Both single and multiple types are easily identified, showing 66.22% ( n = 698) single type and 33.78% ( n = 356) multiple types. Of all the 1054 HPV-positive cases, 261 (24.8%) is occupied by women 21 to 25 years of age and progressively lower by older age groups, reaching 4.9% by women between 51 to 67 years old. The incidence of HPV in our samples is 23.37%, 33.08%, 54.54%, 57.14%, 82.61%, 91.30% and 100% for normal cytology, inflammation,CIN I ,CIN I - II, CIN II ,CIN III, and carcinomas specimens, respectively. Infections with more that one virus are common, accounted for 4.89%, 7.14%, 18.18%, 28.57%, 41.30%, 43.37% and 38.46% for normal cytology, inflammation, CIN I, CIN I - II, CIN II, CIN III, and carcinomas specimens, respectively. Based on the criteria of histology and pathology, the sensitivity, specificity, positive-predictive value and negative-predictive value of HPV liquid chip assay for detecting all cases of CIN II, III are 88.57%, 76.63%, 68.89% and 92.16% respectively. Conclusion The common types of HPV infection are 16, 52, 58, 18, 11, 6, 56 and 31. The HPV-positive rate increased along with the increase of grading on cervical lesions. There are more younger women among all the HPV-positive ones. Multiplex HPV genotyping by liquid chip appears to be highly suitable for diagnostic screening as well as the conduction of large-scale epidemiological studies.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; epidemiology ; virology ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Gammapapillomavirus ; classification ; genetics ; Genotype ; Human papillomavirus 11 ; classification ; genetics ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; classification ; genetics ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; classification ; genetics ; Human papillomavirus 6 ; classification ; genetics ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; methods ; Papillomaviridae ; classification ; genetics ; Papillomavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; virology ; Young Adult

The necessary role of genital infection by specific types of human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical cancer development provides an opportunity to reduce the risk of cervical cancer, a second leading cancer in women, through prophylactic vaccination. Two types of vaccines targeting HPV 16 and 18 which are responsible for about 70% of all cervical cancer worldwide have been developed: a quadrivalent vaccine (Gardasil?) and a bivalent vaccine (Cervarix?). Gardasil also targets HPV 6 and 11 causing 90% of genital wart. Both two vaccines contain virus-like particles composed of L1 protein of viral capsid and do not exert infectivity. HPV vaccines were highly effective in preventing persistent infection by vaccine specific type HPV in young women who have not been previously exposed to them. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials have provided evidence that HPV vaccines have high efficacy against cervical precancerous lesion in young women irrespective of baseline HPV infection status. However, HPV vaccines neither treat existing HPV infections nor provide protection against all types of HPV related with cervical cancer. Therefore, even vaccinated females should take cervical cancer screening as recommended. Gardasil has been tested mainly in 9~26 years old females and Cervarix in 15~25 years old. Current recommendation for vaccination age is 9~26 years for Gardasil and 10~25 years for Cervarix, considering sexual debut and previous clinical trials. There are plenty of remaining issues regarding HPV vaccination such as vaccine efficacy in older women and in males, cost-effectiveness, duration of protection, cross-protection, potential replacement infection, and vaccine compatibility.
Cancer Vaccines ; Capsid ; Condylomata Acuminata ; Female ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; Human papillomavirus 6 ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Papillomavirus Vaccines ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Vaccination ; Vaccines ; Human Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine Quadrivalent, Types 6, 11, 16, 18

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer, the second most common cause of death from cancer among women worldwide. The ability to generate human papillomavirus virus (HPV)-like particles by the synthesis and self-assembly in vitro of the major virus capsid protein L1 has transformed our prospects for preventing cervical carcinoma in women. These particles provide vaccines that are immunogenic and safe. Following preclinical research by laboratories in the nonprofit sector, Merck and GlaxoSmithKline are developing commercial versions of the vaccine. Both vaccines target HPV-16 and HPV-18, which account for approximately 70% of cervical cancer. The Merck vaccine also targets HPV-6 and HPV-11, which account for approximately 90% of external genital warts. Published data from proof of principle trials and preliminary reports from large Phase III efficacy trials suggest strongly that they will protect against persistent HPV infection and cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia. However, the duration of protection provided by these vaccines is not known, the antibody responses induced are probably HPV type specific and immunisation should occur pre-exposure to the virus. Unresolved issues also include the most critical groups to vaccinate and when the vaccine's cost may be low enough for widespread implementation in the developing world, where 80% of cervical cancer occurs. Nevertheless, it may be that an HPV vaccine that protects against the complications of HPV infection such as cervical cancer will be one of the most significant public health initiatives of this decade.
Antibody Formation ; Capsid Proteins ; Cause of Death ; Condylomata Acuminata ; Female ; Human papillomavirus 11 ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; Human papillomavirus 6 ; Humans* ; Papillomavirus Vaccines* ; Public Health ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Vaccines

AIMThere is an increasing evidence for the role of high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relevance of HPV infection to the survival and prognosis of OSCC.

METHODOLOGYFifty-two patients with OSCC were followed from 4 to 88 months with a median of 50.7 months. HPV DNA was identified in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor specimens by nested PCR with MY09/MY11 and GP5+/GP6+ primer pairs and the HPV genotype was determined by direct DNA sequencing. Association between the HPV status and risk factors for cancer as well as tumor-host characteristics were analyzed. Survival curves were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and analyzed using the log-rank test.

RESULTSHPV was found in 40.4% of the tumors with HPV16 accounting for 63.5%, HPV18 for 30.8%, HPV6 for 3.9% and HPV11 for 1.8%. No infection with more than one HPV genotype was detected. HPV infection was significantly associated with poor histological grade, TNM stage I-II, alcohol usage and no smoking status. Multivariate analysis showed that HPV had an independent prognostic effect on the overall survival after adjusting other confounding factors such as histological grade, TNM stage and tobacco usage. The presence of HPV was significantly correlated with a better survival in patients with OSCC.

CONCLUSIONHPV infection can act as an independent predictor for the survival and prognosis of OSCC.

Alcohol Drinking ; Alphapapillomavirus ; classification ; physiology ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; virology ; Cause of Death ; DNA, Viral ; analysis ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Forecasting ; Genotype ; Human papillomavirus 11 ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Human papillomavirus 6 ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mouth Neoplasms ; virology ; Neoplasm Staging ; Papillomavirus Infections ; virology ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Smoking ; Survival Rate

OBJECTIVE: Adeno associated virus (AAV) is a human DNA virus and is included in the Parvovirus family. AAV has been detected in cervical tissues as well as cervical cancer cell lines. Previous studies showed that AAV infection has some negative effects on HPV infection and that the cervical cancer cell growth is inhibited by AAV infection. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of AAV 2 infection and its possible roles for influencing HPV 16 and 18 infection in Korean women by analyzing adjacent normal, CIN, and invasive cervical cancer tissue samples. METHODS: CIN I (20), CIN II (24), CIN III (25), invasive cervical cancer (23) tissues were investigated by microdissection and PCR analyses using primers of HPV 16, 18 and AAV 2 as well as beta- globin as an internal control. RESULTS: AAV 2 was detected in 57 out of 92 cervical lesion biopsies. Among these, mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia and invasive cancer showed 55% (11/20), 95.8% (23/24), 52% (13/25) and 52.2% (12/23), respectively. However, HPV 16 was detected in 14 out of 92 cervical lesion biopsies. Among these, mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia and invasive cancer showed 0% (0/20), 8.3% (2/24), 24% (6/25) and 26.1% (6/23), respectively. HPV 18 was detected in 3 out of 92 cervical lesion biopsies. Among these, mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia and invasive cancer showed 0% (0/20), 4.2% (1/24), 8% (2/25) and 0% (0/23), respectively. In contrast, In 92 perilesional normal biopsies, AAV 2, HPV 16 and HPV 18 were detected to be 57.6% (53/92), 3.3% (3/92) and 0% (0/92), respectively. CONCLUSION: AAV 2 was detected in CIN and invasive cervical cancer biopsies by microdissection and PCR analyses in Korean women. It is difficult to confirm any significant roles of AAV 2 infection for developing cervical cancer. However, we observe that there is some correlation between AAV 2 and HPV infection in the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer. Further research remains to be done to further elucidate AAV 2 infection and its role for HPV infection and cervical cancer.
Biopsy* ; Carcinogenesis ; Cell Line ; Dependovirus* ; DNA Viruses ; Female ; Globins ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; Humans* ; Microdissection* ; Papilloma* ; Parvovirus ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; Satellite Viruses ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Further understanding of male human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is necessary to prevent infection in men, as well as transmission to women. In our current study, we investigated patterns of HPV infection and genotype distributions in male genital warts using the Anyplex II HPV28 Detection kit. We reviewed the medical records of 80 male patients who presented to 5 neighborhood clinics in Ulsan, Korea, for the treatment of genital warts between April 2014 and January 2015. All patients underwent HPV genotyping. The prevalence and characteristics of HPV infection were analyzed, and the patterns of HPV infection according to age were assessed. Among the study patients, 13 (16.3%) were negative for HPV infection, 46 (57.3%) were infected with low-risk HPV, and 21 (26.3%) were infected with high-risk HPV. Patients with multiple HPV infection were more likely to have high-risk HPV infection (P = 0.001). The prevalence of HPV infection was much higher in samples obtained by tissue excision due to a definite lesion (P = 0.001). There were no differences in high-risk HPV infection (P = 0.459), multiple HPV infection (P = 0.185), and recurrence at diagnosis (P = 0.178) according to age. HPV-6 and HPV-11 were the most common type overall (39.7% and 13.8%, respectively). HPV-16 and HPV-18 were the most common high-risk infections (both 3.4%). HPV infection is not only commonly encountered in male genital warts, but is also accompanied by high-risk HPV and multiple infections.
Adult ; Condylomata Acuminata/epidemiology/*pathology/virology ; DNA, Viral/genetics/metabolism ; Genotype ; Human papillomavirus 11/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 16/genetics/isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 18/genetics/isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 6/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

The epidemiology on human papillomavirus (HPV) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women in Korea is not well established. A retrospective study was conducted to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV infection among HIV-infected women in Korea. HPV DNA genotype and cervical cytology were examined in 60 HIV-positive women and 1,938 HIV-negative women. HPV genotypes were analyzed by using a HPV DNA chip. HIV-infected women had higher prevalence of high-risk HPV (hr-HPV) infection (30% vs 4.9%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 6.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.63-13.34, P<0.001) and abnormal cervical cytology (18.3% vs 1.8%, AOR, 10.94; 95% CI, 5.18-23.1, P<0.001) compared with controls. The most common hr-HPV genotype detected in HIV-infected women was HPV 16 (10%), followed by 18 (6.7%) and 52 (5%). Prevalence of quadrivalent vaccine-preventable types (HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18) was 21.7% and 2.3% in HIV-positive women and HIV-negative women, respectively. Age was a significant risk factor for hr-HPV infection in HIV-infected women (P=0.039). The presence of hr-HPV was significantly associated with abnormal cervical cytology (P<0.001). These findings suggest that HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in HIV-infected women would be necessary, particularly among young age group.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Cervix Uteri/virology ; DNA Probes, HPV/diagnostic use ; DNA, Viral/genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; HIV Infections/complications/*epidemiology/genetics ; HIV-1/genetics ; Human papillomavirus 11/genetics/isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 16/genetics/isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 18/genetics/isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 6/genetics/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Papillomavirus Infections/complications/*epidemiology/*genetics ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology/genetics/virology

The human papillomavirus(HPV) is a subfamily of the Papovaviridae family as a double stranded DNA virus, and HPV is the etiological agent of squamous cell papillomas in different anatomic regions including the skin and the mucous membranes of oral cavity, esophagus, respiratory and anogenital tracts. Inverted papilloma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is uncommon benign lesion, in which there is a inversion of the neoplastic epithelium into the underlying stroma. The local aggressiveness, high rate of recurrence, associated malignancy, and tendency of multicentricity have led to the advocation of radical removal of the tumor. The cause of sinonasal inverted papilloma remains unknown. However, the involved etiologic factors are thought to be smoking, allergy, environmental factors, HPV, and chronic infections. The purpose of this study was to detect HPV in sinonasal inverted papilloma, to examine the relationship between cellular dysplasia and recurrence of inverted papilloma, to examine the relationship between HPV and recurrence of inverted papilloma in forty two sinonasal inverted papillomas(inverted papilloma without dysplasia 30 cases, inverted papilloma with dysplasia 6 cases, inverted papilloma associated squamous cell carcinoma 5 cases, inverted papilloma transformed squamous cell carcinoma 1 case). For these purposes, paraffin-embedded tissues were subjected to polymerase chain reaction using type-specific primers pairs. Following results were obtained: 1) The HPV was detected in 5(12%) out of 42 cases of inverted papilloma, one contained human papillomvirus 6, two contained human papillomavirus 11, and two contained human papillomavirus 16. 2) The recurrence of inverted papilloma occurred in 1(16%) out of 6 cases exhibited dysplasia, in 3(10%) out of 30 cases not exhibited dysplasia. 3) The recurrence of inverted papilloma occurred in 2(66%) out of 3 cases positive for HPV, in 2(6%) out of 33 cases negative for HPV. In conclusion HPV was thought to be the etiological factor of sinonasal inverted papilloma. Also there was a relationship between HPV and recurrence of inverted papilloma. Further work is in progress to determine the possible mechanisms by which HPV induces oncogenesis in inverted papilloma.
Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; DNA Viruses ; Epithelium ; Esophagus ; Human papillomavirus 11 ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; Humans* ; Hypersensitivity ; Mouth ; Mucous Membrane ; Nasal Cavity ; Papilloma ; Papilloma, Inverted* ; Paranasal Sinuses ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Recurrence ; Skin ; Smoke ; Smoking

After human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine guidelines published by Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology (KSGO) in 2011, new studies have been published, leading to additional data regarding efficacy, safety, number of vaccination rounds, and ideal age of vaccine administration. We searched and reviewed the literatures focused on the efficacy of 2-dose schedule vaccination, the efficacy of 3-dose schedule vaccination in middle-aged women, the ideal age of 3-dose schedule vaccination, the safety of HPV preventive vaccine, and the ability of cross-protection of each HPV preventive vaccine. The KSGO has revised the previous guideline based on the results of the above studies.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Child ; Female ; Human Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine Quadrivalent, Types 6, 11, 16, 18/administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic u ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Papillomavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; *Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Republic of Korea ; Treatment Outcome ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/*prevention & control ; Young Adult