Mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) and the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome are passed down, unaltered, from generation to generation, matrilineally and patrilineally, respectively. Therefore, the Y-chromosome DNA and mtDNA are known as lineage markers, and they play important roles in studies based on human migration and evolutionary history. Y-chromosome DNA is used in forensic analysis to identify individuals involved in cases of sexual assault. In this paper, we review the methods of statistical evaluation of lineage markers used in forensic identification. We also review the combined approach of autosomal and lineage marker evidence.
DNA ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Human Migration ; Y Chromosome

To determine the cause of death of prisoners of war during the Korean War (1950-1953), death certificates or medical records were analyzed. Out of 7,614 deaths, 5,013 (65.8%) were due to infectious diseases. Although dysentery and tuberculosis were the most common infectious diseases, parasitic diseases had caused 14 deaths: paragonimiasis in 5, malaria in 3, amoebiasis in 2, intestinal parasitosis in 2, ascariasis in 1, and schistosomiasis in 1. These results showed that paragonimiasis, malaria, and amoebiasis were the most fatal parasitic diseases during the early 1950s in the Korean Peninsula. Since schistosomiasis is not endemic to Korea, it is likely that the infected private soldier moved from China or Japan to Korea.
Cause of Death ; China ; Human Migration ; Humans ; Japan ; Korea ; Korean War ; Parasitic Diseases/*mortality ; Prisoners of War

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the migration patterns of new nurses and experienced nurses and to identify the factors influencing inter-regional migration for solving regional imbalances of clinical nurses in South Korea. METHODS: This study involved a secondary analysis of data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: New nurses tended to migrate from Kyunggi to Seoul. However, experienced nurses tended to migrate from Seoul and Chungchung to Kyunggi. Significant predictors of inter-regional migration among new nurses were location and nurse staffing grade of hospitals. Significant predictors of inter-regional migration among experienced nurses were location, hospital type, nurse staffing grade, ownership of hospitals and age of nurses. CONCLUSION: Inter-regional migration occupied a small portion of total hospital movement among clinical nurses. The regional imbalances of nurses were not caused by the migration from non-metropolitan areas to Seoul. Nurse shortage problems in the small and medium hospitals of the non-metropolitan area can be solved only through improvement of work environment.
Geography ; Gyeonggi-do ; Health Care Rationing ; Human Migration ; Insurance, Health ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Ownership ; Personnel Turnover ; Seoul

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility and advantages of the coaxial snare technique in the retrieval of tubular foreign bodies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the coaxial snare technique, we attempted to retrieve tubular foreign bodies present in seven patients. The bodies were either stents which were malpositioned or had migrated from their correct position in the vascular system (n=2), a fragmented venous introducer sheath (n=1), fragmented drainage catheters in the biliary tree (n=2), or fractured external drainage catheters in the urinary tract (n=2). After passing a guidewire and/or a dilator through the lumina of these foreign bodies, we introduced a loop snare over the guidewire or dilator, thus capturing and retrieving them. RESULTS: In all cases, it was possible to retrieve or reposition the various items, using a minimum-sized introducer sheath or a tract. No folding was involved. In no case were surgical procedures required, and no complications were encountered. CONCLUSION: The coaxial snare technique, an application of the loop snare technique, is a useful and safe method for the retrieval of tubular foreign bodies, and one which involves minimal injury to the patient.
Adult ; Case Report ; Catheters, Indwelling ; Drainage/instrumentation ; Foreign Bodies/*radiography/*therapy ; Foreign-Body Migration ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; *Stents

Objective: To understand the situation related to health seeking and diagnosis of imported malaria and to provide practical measures for malaria elimination in Jiangsu province. Methods: Data on imported malaria cases in Jiangsu province was retrieved in CISDCP from 2014 to 2016. Relevant information on health seeking behavior, diagnosis and treatment of the disease was gathered. Results: A total of 1 068 imported cases were reported in Jiangsu province from 2014 to 2016. Except for one malaria case that was caused by blood transfusion, the rest patients were all recognized as 'imported'. Majority of the cases were migrant laborers working in African countries. The accurate rates on the diagnosis of ovale, vivax and quartan malaria and mixed infection were relatively low, as 79.3% (107/135), 29.5% (18/61), 52.9% (18/34) and 0.0% (0/2) at the primary health care settings, respectively. Rate of seeking health care on the same day of onset was more in 2015 than in 2014 and 2016 (χ(2)=18.6, P=0.001). While only 65.4% (699/1 068) of the patients were diagnosed correctly at the primary health care settings. There appeared no statistical difference in the 3-year-study period (χ(2)=5.4, P=0.246). Capacity on 'correct diagnosis' seemed stronger at the CDC than at the hospital levels (χ(2)=13.2, P=0.000; χ(2)=5.4, P=0.020). Totally, 72.7% (32/44) of the severe falciparum malaria cases did not immediately seek for health care when the symptoms started. Conclusions: Migrant workers returning from the high endemic malaria areas seemed to have poor awareness in seeking health care services. Capability on correct diagnosis for malaria at the primary health care settings remained unsatisfactory and staff from these settings needs to receive adequate training.
Adult ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Human Migration ; Humans ; Malaria/transmission* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Plasmodium/isolation & purification* ; Prevalence ; Seasons ; Transients and Migrants ; Travel

A study conducted in 4 communes in Easup district of Daklak province, the result showed that the nomadic people are of the ethnic minority group of Tay, Nung, Thai, Muong coming from Northern provinces. The main reason for their migration is poor economic conditions (100%). Whole families or households moved and settled in new areas (76.42%). Most of them lived in temporary houses (79.1%), near the forest, at edge of the forest or inside the forest (51.9%) Self prevention form mosquito bites was poor with 19.7% of new settles did not regularly sleep under mosquito nets or lack of misquito nets (52.2%). The malaria incidence among the new settlers was found to be higher than that of old settlers as clinical malaria: 4.75% compared to 2.34%, confirmed cases 2.71% compared to 0.20% while it was similar to the local ethnic minority groups with clinical and confirmed cases were equal in both groups
Malaria ; epidemiology ; Emigration and Immigration

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) play an important role in tumor invasion, angiogenesis and inflammatory tissue destruction. Increased expression of MMP was observed in benign tissue hyperplasia and in atherosclerotic lesions. Invasive cancer cells utilize MMP to degrade the extracellular matrix and vascular basement membrane during metastasis, where MMP-2 has been implicated in the development and dissemination of malignancies. The present study attempted to examine the antiangiogenic activity of the medicinal herbs of Aspergillus usamii var. shirousamii-transformed Angelicae Gigantis Radix and Zizyphus jujube (tAgR and tZj) with respect to MMP-2 production and endothelial motility in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)- or VEGF-exposed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Nontoxic tAgR and tZj substantially suppressed PMA-induced MMP-2 secretion. In addition, 25 microg/mL tAgR and tZj prevented vascular endothelial growth factor-stimulated endothelial cell transmigration and tube formation. The results reveal that tAgR and tZj dampened endothelial MMP-2 production leading to endothelial transmigration and tube formation. tAgR and tZj-mediated inhibition of endothelial MMP may boost a therapeutic efficacy during vascular angiogenesis.
Angelica ; Aspergillus ; Basement Membrane ; Endothelial Cells ; Extracellular Matrix ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; Hyperplasia ; Matrix Metalloproteinases ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Phorbols ; Plants, Medicinal ; Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration ; Ziziphus

The genome of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori has evolved over the millennia since its migration out of Africa along with its human host approximately 60,000 years ago. Human migrations, after thousands of years of permanent settlement in those lands, resulted in seven prototypes of genetic populations of H. pylori with distinct geographical distributions. In all continents, present day isolates of H. pylori have molecular markers that reflect population migrations. The colonization of the Americas as well as the slave trade introduced European and African strains to the New World. The relationship between H. pylori genome and gastric cancer rates is linked to the presence of the cagA gene, but the knowledge on this subject is incomplete because other genes may be involved in certain populations. A new situation for Homo sapiens is the absence of H. pylori colonization in certain, mostly affluent, populations, apparently brought about by improved home sanitation and widespread use of antibiotics during the last decades. The disappearance of H. pylori from the human microbiota may be linked to emerging epidemics of esophageal adenocarcinoma, some allergic diseases such as asthma and some autoimmune disorders.
Adenocarcinoma ; Africa ; Americas ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Asthma ; Colon ; Genome ; Helicobacter ; Helicobacter pylori ; Human Migration ; Humans ; Metagenome ; Sanitation ; Social Problems ; Stomach Neoplasms

BACKGROUND: Duffy phenotypes vary widely among different ethnic groups and populations from distinct locations. Several assays for genotyping Duffy blood groups have recently been developed, and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is the most widely used method for human Duffy blood group typing. In this study, we employed PCR-RFLP and analyzed the genotypes of Duffy blood groups among five Asian populations including a Korean population. METHODS: Two-hundred-fifty-four peripheral blood samples were collected from different Asian populations. PCR was performed by using primers designed for the amplification of the GATA and FYAB regions of the Duffy gene. The restriction enzymes Sty I and Ban I were used for the digestion of PCR products and the DNA products were separated on agarose or polyacrylamide gels stained with ethidium bromide. RESULTS: The genotype frequencies of FY*A/FY*B, FY*A/FY*A, FY*B/FY*B, FYnull in the Korean population were 14.2%, 84.9%, 1%, 0% respectively. The frequency of the Duffy genotype of Thai, Chinese and Pilipino populations were similar to that of the Korean population. However, a population from Bangladesh had a high FY*B frequency (43.4%) as compared to the other Asian populations. CONCLUSION: Among the five Asian populations analyzed, the Duffy genotype for a Bangladesh population is different from the East Asian populations. This finding may reflect a history of human migration of ancient Asian populations.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Bangladesh ; Blood Group Antigens ; Digestion ; DNA ; Ethidium ; Ethnic Groups ; Gels ; Genotype* ; Human Migration ; Humans ; Phenotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sepharose

Plasmodium vivax is more challenging to control and eliminate than P. falciparum due to its more asymptomatic infections with low parasite densities making diagnosis more difficult, in addition to its unique biological characteristics. The potential re-introduction of incidence cases, either through borders or via human migrations, is another major hurdle to sustained control and elimination. The Republic of Korea has experienced re-emergence of vivax malaria in 1993 but is one of the 32 malaria-eliminating countries to-date. Despite achieving successful nationwide control and elimination of vivax malaria, the evolutionary characteristics of vivax malaria isolates in the Republic of Korea have not been fully understood. In this review, we present an overview of the genetic variability of such isolates to increase understanding of the epidemiology, diversity, and dynamics of vivax populations in the Republic of Korea.
Asymptomatic Infections ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiology ; Genetic Variation ; Human Migration ; Incidence ; Korea ; Malaria ; Malaria, Vivax ; Parasites ; Plasmodium vivax ; Plasmodium ; Population Characteristics ; Republic of Korea