The use of cosmetics in the crowd has the long-term characteristics. The adverse reactions of cosmetics reported in other country in the world suggest that human patch tests and short-term human using test may not be sufficient to evaluate the safety of high-risk new cosmetic raw ingredients, and long-term human using test should be conducted for evaluation. Therefore, this article reviews the key factors that affect long-term human trial trials, such as site of use, single-use amount, frequency of use, duration of use, and subject conditions, providing supportive evidence for standardized safety evaluation standards for long-term human using test of cosmetics.
Humans ; Cosmetics ; Human Experimentation

The use of cosmetics in the crowd has the long-term characteristics. The adverse reactions of cosmetics reported in other country in the world suggest that human patch tests and short-term human using test may not be sufficient to evaluate the safety of high-risk new cosmetic raw ingredients, and long-term human using test should be conducted for evaluation. Therefore, this article reviews the key factors that affect long-term human trial trials, such as site of use, single-use amount, frequency of use, duration of use, and subject conditions, providing supportive evidence for standardized safety evaluation standards for long-term human using test of cosmetics.
Humans ; Cosmetics ; Human Experimentation

Patients with heart failure (HF) have structural and functional changes of the gut as a result of microcirculatory disturbances. A disrupted gut epithelial barrier may lead to translocation of microbial products into systemic circulation, possibly aggravating HF by inducing inflammatory responses. Gut microbiota play an essential role in the maintenance of host homeostasis because large quantities of their gene products complement host physiological processes. Emerging evidence has suggested the potential clinical significance of gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of HF. Imbalances of gut microbe-derived metabolites can contribute to cardiac dysfunction and other morbidities in patients with HF. Therapeutic research for HF through targeting microbiota is under way. Thus, the novel concept of a heart-gut axis may lead to breakthroughs in the development of innovative diagnostics and therapeutic approaches for HF.
Complement System Proteins ; Dysbiosis ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Heart Failure* ; Heart* ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Microbiota ; Physiological Processes ; Therapeutic Human Experimentation

Human Experimentation ; ethics ; Humans ; Students, Medical

Stroke is one of the common causes of death and disability. Despite extensive efforts in stroke research, therapeutic options for improving the functional recovery remain limited in clinical practice. Experimental stroke models using genetically modified mice could aid in unraveling the complex pathophysiology triggered by ischemic brain injury. Here, we optimized the procedure for generating mouse stroke model using an intraluminal suture in the middle cerebral artery and verified the blockage of blood flow using indocyanine green coupled with near infra-red radiation. The first week after the ischemic injury was critical for survivability. The survival rate of 11% in mice without any treatment but increased to 60% on administering prophylactic antibiotics. During this period, mice showed severe functional impairment but recovered spontaneously starting from the second week onward. Among the various behavioral tests, the pole tests and neurological severity score tests remained reliable up to 4 weeks after ischemia, whereas the rotarod and corner tests became less sensitive for assessing the severity of ischemic injury with time. Further, loss of body weight was also observed for up 4 weeks after ischemia induction. In conclusion, we have developed an improved approach which allows us to investigate the role of the cell death-related genes in the disease progression using genetically modified mice and to evaluate the modes of action of candidate drugs.
Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Body Weight ; Brain Injuries ; Brain Ischemia ; Cause of Death ; Disease Progression ; Indocyanine Green ; Ischemia ; Mice* ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Stroke* ; Survival Rate ; Sutures ; Therapeutic Human Experimentation

No abstract in English.
History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Neuralgia/history/surgery ; Neurophysiology/*history ; Neurosurgery/*history ; Therapeutic Human Experimentation/ethics/*history ; United States

This paper aims to examine the spread of paragonimiasis and the Japanese colonial government's response to it. To consolidate colonial rule, the Japanese colonial government needed medications to cure paragonimiasis. When Dr. Ikeda Masakata invented acid emetine to cure paragonimiasis in Manchuria in 1915, emetine treatment carried the risk of emetine poisoning such as fatigue, inappetence, heart failure, and death. Nonetheless, Japanese authorities forced clinical trials on human patients in colonial Korea during the 1910s and 1920s. The emetine poisoning accident in Yeongheung and Haenam counties in 1927 occurred in this context. The Japanese government concentrated on terminating an intermediary host instead of injecting emetine to repress endemic disease in Japan. However, the Japanese colonial government pushed ahead with emetine injections for healthy men through the Preliminary Bureau of Land Research in colonial Korea in 1917. This clinical trial simultaneously presented the effects and the side effects of emetine injection. Because of the danger emetine injections posed, the colonial government investigated only the actual condition of paragonimiasis, delaying the use of emetine injection. Kobayashi Harujiro(1884-1969), a leading zoologist and researcher of endemic disease for three decades in the Government General Hospital and Keijo Imperial University in colonial Korea, had used emetine while researching paragonimiasis, but he did not play a leading role in clinical trials with emetine injections, perhaps because he mainly researched the intermediary host. Government General Hospital and Keijo Imperial University therefore faced limitations that kept them from leading the research on endemic disease. As the health administration shifted the central colonial government to local colonial government, the local colonial government pressed ahead with emetine injections for Korean patients. Emetine poisoning had something to do with medical power's localization. Nevertheless, the central colonial government still supported emetine injections with funds from the national treasury. The emetine poisoning accident that occurred simultaneously in two different regions resulted from the Japanese colonial government's support. This accident represented the Japanese colonial rule's atrocity, its suppression of hygiene policies, and its disdain for colonial inhabitants. The colonial government sought to accumulate medical knowledge not to cure endemic disease, but to expand the Japanese Empire.
Clinical Trials as Topic/history ; Colonialism/*history ; Emetine/*history/poisoning/therapeutic use ; Endemic Diseases/*history ; History, 20th Century ; Human Experimentation/history ; Humans ; Japan ; Korea ; Male ; Paragonimiasis/drug therapy/*history

BACKGROUND: Phytoclear-EL1, an extract from Euphorbia lathyris seeds, has a whitening effect due to inhibition of tyrosinase activity. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of phytoclear-EL1 on melanogenesis. METHODS: Cultured B-16 melanoma cells and 30 human volunteers were used for in vitro and in vivo studies, respectively. Phytoclear-EL1 was added to the cultured B-16 melanoma cells, and applied to UVB-induced hyperpigmented lesions of human volunteers twice daily for 7 weeks. Changes in the number of B-16 melanoma cells, as well as changes in morphology, melanin content, and tyrosinase activity, were measured and then compared with the normal control and the 10(-3)M arbutin groups. Also, the effect of phytoclear-EL1 on UVB-induced hyperpigmented lesions was examined through subjective and objective measurements. RESULTS: In the in vitro study (p<0.05), the number, melanin content, and tyrosinase activity of cultured B-16 melanoma cells were decreased in the 5microgram/ml phytoclear-EL1 group compared to the control group. On objective assessment with a chromameter, the 0.2% phytoclear-EL1 group had a larger difference in the mean L values before and 7 weeks after applying phytoclear-EL1 as compared to the other groups. On subjective assessment by both the researchers and subjects 7 weeks after applying experimental materials, the 0.2% phytoclear-EL1 group and positive control (3% arbutin) had higher scores than the placebo groups. These results demonstrated that phytoclear-EL1 in vivo and in vitro had an inhibitory effect on melanogenesis. CONCLUSION: Phytoclear-EL1 may be a candidate extract in the control of hyperpigmentary disorders.
Arbutin ; Euphorbia ; Human Experimentation ; Melanins ; Melanoma ; Monophenol Monooxygenase ; Seeds

Dynamic compression plate, used in the orthopedic surgery as internal fixation system, should have excellent biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and adequate mechanical properties. The object of this research was test of its biocompatibility as compared with Osteo DCP and fabnfication of a KAIST" DCP with evaluation of its effect by animal experiment. The conclusions were follows: 1. The corrosion resistance of domestic DCP had no significant difference as compared with foreign made DCP. 2. The tissue responses to DCP were thought to be adequate. 3. The new-design DCP had less mobility at fracture site as compared with existing DCP, but there was no significant statistical differences. 4. In summary, it was concluded that KAIST DCP could be applied to the human body and it would be worth while to research the advantages of new-design DCP. DCP: Dynamic Compression Plate KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology.
Animal Experimentation ; Animals ; Corrosion ; Human Body ; Korea ; Orthopedics

PURPOSE: To validate the feasibility of real time kinematography with four-dimensional (4D) dynamic functional wrist joint imaging using dual source CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two healthy volunteers performed radioulnar deviation and pronation-supination wrist motions for 10 s and 4 s per cycle in a dual source CT scanner. Scan and reconstruction protocols were set to optimize temporal resolution. Cine images of the reconstructed carpal bone of the moving wrist were recorded. The quality of the images and radiation dosage were evaluated. RESULTS: The 4D cine images obtained during 4 s and 10 s of radioulnar motion showed a smooth stream of movement with good quality and little noise or artifact. Images from the pronation-supination motion showed noise with a masked surface contour. The temporal resolution was optimized at 0.28 s. CONCLUSION: Using dual source CT, 4D cine images of in vivo kinematics of wrist joint movement were obtained and found to have a shorter scan time, improved temporal resolution and lower radiation dosages compared with those previously reported.
Adult ; Artifacts ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Carpal Bones/radiography ; Female ; Humans ; Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation ; Radiation Dosage ; Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*methods ; Wrist Joint/*physiology/*radiography