This study aimed to identify Inulae Herba, Inulae Flos and their closely related species using the ITS2 bar-code, and secure the quality and clinical curative effect of these medicinal materials. DNA was extracted from Inula linariifolia, I. japonica, I. britanica, which are the original species of Inulae Herba and Inulae Flos, together with their closely related species. The ITS2 sequence was amplified by PCR and sequenced bidirectionally. Sequence assembly and generation of consensus sequence were conducted by the CodonCode Aligner. The genetic distances were comput-ed using MEGA 5.0 in accordance with the Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) model, and the phylogenetic tree constructed by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. The results showed that the ITS2 sequences of the various species have stable variable sites. The intraspecific genetic distances among Inulae Herba and Inulae Flos were obviously lower than the interspecific genetic distance among the above two medicinal materials and its adulterants. The NJ tree based on ITS2 sequences can clearly differ from Inulae Herba, Inulae Flos and their closely related species. It is concluded that ITS2 sequence can be used as DNA barcode to identify Inulae Herba, Inulae Flos and their closely related species.

Clinical data is one of the key sources of real-world data, while the reliability of such data is often hindered by unscientific and irregular data management. Based on various problems found in the application of clinical data to scientific research, this study formulated a standard operation procedure(SOP) for real-world data management, and organized the data in terms of content and logic consistency, completeness and standardization. The clinical data of syphilis at a tertiary hospital were used as an example for verification. The clinical data of syphilis patients in the dermatology department from January 1, 2008 to January 1, 2018 were derived from the basic information database, diagnosis database, laboratory information database, and treatment information database of its hospital information system, and a total of 71 705 pieces of relevant information were extracted. SOP analysis showed that 6 816 articles were completely repeated. There were content or logical inconsistencies in name, medical identification number, resident ID number, age and gender, being 152, 360, 88, 107 and 457 respectively. There were many missing entries for marital status, ethnicity, gender, birthday, and ID number, being 1 711, 1 077, 457, 496 and 355 respectively. The standardization situation was generally good, and the number of irregularities in filling out occupational items was 1 884. The standardized and collated data could effectively count the proportion of patients in different stages of syphilis and the cost of diagnosis and treatment, indicating that the real-world data management and analysis SOP proposed in this study could be used to build a clinical-research oriented dual-functional database based on medical practice data.

OBJECTIVE To investigate t he attitude of endocrinology physicians to clinical conversion and substitution of insulin drugs ，and to provide basis for improving the centralized procurement program of insulin. METHODS The proportion of convertible and substitutable insulin recognized by endocrinology physicians was investigated by questionnaire from 4 dimensions： intergenerational level ，bargaining group level ，common name level and brand/specification level. The subjects were endocrinology physicians in the third grade class A general hospitals in Nanchang. RESULTS A total of 89 questionnaires were successfully distributed，accounting for 80.2％ of the on-the-job endocrinology physicians （111 in total ）in the third grade class A general hospitals in Nanchang. Eighty-nine questionnaires were collected ，one of which was invalid ，and the effective rate was 98.9％. At the intergenerational level ，93.2％ of endocrinology physicians preferred insulin analogues. At the bargaining group level ，the weighted average of the convertible ratio between group 3 and group 4 approved by physicians was 63.9％. At the levels of common name and brand/specification ，the weighted averages of convertible proportion of each group were more than 70％. CONCLUSIONS The method of insulin grouping in Wuhan is reasonable which can complete clinical conversion and substitution of insulin in the group safely. It is suggested to cancel long-acting human insulin group. The weighted average of the proportion of convertible and substitutable drugs in the group is high. It is suggested to increase the agreed purchase volume of insulin and conduct“volume price linked ”negotiations. When the surveyed physicians choose the initial treatment scheme of insulin ，they pay more attention to the factors such as efficacy and safety ，so the replacement of insulin should be based on the clinical efficacy and drug safety.