Objective: To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of menopausal syndrome among postmenopausal women in Pan'an County, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide the basis for guiding the health management of postmenopausal women. Methods: From May 2023 to April 2024, the postmenopausal women aged 40 to 69 years in Pan'an County were selected using the random cluster sampling method. Demographic information, lifestyle and prevalence of gynecological diseases were collected through questionnaire surveys. The prevalence of menopausal syndrome was assessed by modified Kupperman Score Scale. Factors affecting menopausal syndrome were analyzed by a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: A total of 816 postmenopausal women were surveyed, with an mean age of (57.63±2.92) years and a mean natural menopause age of (49.85±2.13) years. There were 574 cases with menopausal syndrome, with a prevalence of 70.34%. Flashes and sweating, insomnia and irritability were common symptoms, accounting for 62.87%, 47.43% and 41.18%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that monthly personal income of ≤5 000 yuan (<3 000 yuan, OR=3.124, 95%CI: 1.829-5.335; 3 000-5 000 yuan, OR=2.399, 95%CI: 1.370-4.201) and having gynecological diseases (OR=1.970, 95%CI: 1.292-3.004) were associated with a higher risk of menopausal syndrome, while average (OR=0.141, 95%CI: 0.072-0.276) or sufficient sleep quality (OR=0.095, 95%CI: 0.049-0.185) were associated with a lower risk of menopausal syndrome. Conclusion The prevalence of menopausal syndrome among postmenopausal women in Pan'an County is relatively high, and is mainly influenced by personal economic status, sleep quality and the presence of gynecological diseases.

Objective To observe the value of gastric filling ultrasound(GFUS)for diagnosing dysphagia after surgical operation of hiatal hernia(HH).Methods Totally 71 HH patients who underwent laparoscopic HH repair and fundoplication surgery were retrospectively enrolled and divided into dysphagia group(n=23)and non dysphagia group(n=48)according to postoperative Saeed scores.GFUS parameters,including inner diameter of esophageal hiatus lumen(IDE),wall thickness of abdominal esophageal(WTE)and inner diameter of the esophageal lumen at the fold(FIDE)were compared between groups,and their value of diagnosing postoperative dysphagia were analyzed.Results In dysphagia group,IDE and FIDE were lower,while WTE was higher than those in non dysphagia group(all P＜0.05).Low IDE and high WTE were both independent risk factors of postoperative dysphagia in HH patients.The sensitivity,specificity and area under the curve(AUC)of IDE for diagnosing dysphagia after surgical operation of HH was 82.64％,66.69％and 0.773,of WTE was 82.59％,68.73％and 0.793,of their combination was 88.89％,77.59％and 0.843,respectively.The AUC of the combination of IDE and WTE was higher than that of IDE and WTE alone(Z=1.328,1.364,P=0.044,0.043).Conclusion Combination of GFUS parameters IDE and WTE was valuable for diagnosing dysphagia after surgical operation of HH.

Objective To form the expert consensus on the limb management of patients with transvenous temporary cardiac pacing,standardize the limb management of patients with transvenous temporary cardiac pacing,and reduce complications related to the limb.Methods Using evidence-based methods,the evidence in this field was searched,evaluated and summarized,and relevant recommendations and research conclusions were extracted and classified by the level of evidence quality,and then the first draft of the consensus was formed.From December 2023 to January 2024,through 2 rounds of expert consultation and 4 rounds of expert meetings,the content was adjusted and the consensus was reached.Results Totally 16 experts participated in the consultation.The positive coefficient is 100%;the authoritative coefficient is 0.847 and 0.836;the average value of each index is more than＞3.8;the coefficient of variation is less than 0.21.The Kendall's harmony coefficient of the 2 rounds of expert consultation is 0.372 and 0.314,respectively,which were statistically significant.The consensus covers the preoperative,intraoperative and postoperative on limb management of patients with transvenous temporary cardiac pacing.Totally 11 themes were involved,including the preoperative preparation,position and catheter fixation in operation,position and catheter fixation in postoperative,activity,turn and transfer,duty shift on limb,nursing care after withdrawal of the catheter,prevention of deep vein thrombosis of the operative limb and prevent infection.Conclusion The consensus is highly scientific,and it is helpful to standardize the limb management of patients with transvenous temporary cardiac pacing.

Objective:To analyze clinical and genetic characteristics of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism(CHH) in children.Methods:Clinical data of 0-18 year old CHH patients diagnosed in the Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism of Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2023 were retrospectively analyzed, including their hormone levels and genetic test results.Results:A total of 95 patients with CHH were included. Among them, 25 were diagnosed before the age of 3, 37 between the ages of 3-14, and 33 were over 14 years old at the time of first diagnosis. The primary manifestations were micropenis(95 cases, 100%) and cryptorchidism(46 cases, 48.5%). The incidence of cryptorchidism was the lowest in the group over 14 years of age. Hormonal analysis revealed that the peak levels of LH following statin B and GnRH stimulation, the peak levels of FSH after GnRH stimulation, and testosterone levels following hCG stimulation were the highest in the infant group. Genetic analysis identified 20 CHH-related genes in 61 out of 77 cases.Double-gene mutation accounted for 7.8%(6/77) and triple-gene mutation accounted for 3.9%(3/77). The most common mutations were FGFR1(18/77, 23.4%), CHD7(12/77, 15.6%), PROKR2(11/77, 14.3%) and ANOS1(6/77, 7.8%). The incidence of cryptorchidism in these four genotypes was 50%, 75%, 45.5% and 83.3%, respectively. The incidence of testicular dysfunction was 22.2%, 16.7%, 27.3%, and 16.7%, respectively, with no statistical significance.Conclusion:The primary manifestation of CHH is micropenis and cryptorchidism. In children with CHH, the incidence of testicular Leydig cell and Sertoli cell dysfunction increased with age in CHH children. FGFR1, CHD7, PROKR2 and ANOS1 were common variants of CHH.

Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics and genetic variants of two children with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase deficiency (HMGCLD).Methods:Two children with HMGCLD diagnosed at Henan Provincial Children′s Hospital respectively in December 2019 and June 2022 were selected as the study subjects. Clinical data and results of laboratory testing were analyzed retrospectively.Results:Both children had manifested with repeated convulsions, severe hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis and liver dysfunction. Blood amino acids and acylcarnitine analysis showed increased 3-hydroxy-isovalyl carnitine (C5OH) and 3-hydroxy-isovalyl carnitine/capryloyl carnitine ratio (C5OH/C8), and urinary organic acid analysis showed increased 3-hydroxyl-3-methyl glutaric acid, 3-methyl glutaric acid, 3-methyl glutacoic acid, 3-hydroxyisoglycine and 3-methylprotarylglycine. Child 1 was found to harbor homozygous c. 722C>T variants of the HMGCL gene, which was rated as uncertain significance(PM2_Supporting+ PP3). Child 2 was found to harbor homozygous c. 121C>T variants of the HMGCL gene, which was rated as pathogenic(PVS1+ PM2_Supporting+ PP4). Conclusion:Acute episode of HMGCLD is usually characterized by metabolic disorders such as hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis, and elevated organic acids in urine may can facilitate the differential diagnosis, though definite diagnosis will rely on genetic testing.

Objective:The clinical and molecular genetic characteristics of 46, XY disorders of sex development caused by NR5A1 gene variants in 15 cases were analyzed to improve the understanding of this disease. Methods:The clinical data of children with NR5A1 gene variants diagnosed at the Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from March 2016 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Whole exome sequencing was performed to confirm the candidate sites, and Sanger sequencing was performed for validation. The patients were treated and followed up according to their disease characteristics. Results:At the initial diagnosis, 5 of the 15 cases were raised as females and 10 as males. The gonadal tissue was testis without residual Müllerian or ooticular structure, and all had various degrees of genital abnormalities. The average EMS masculinity score was 4.8 (1~9), including micropenis (100.0%), hypospadia (86.7%), unfused scrotum (46.7%), and abnormal testicular position (60.0%), in which the hypospadias was Ⅱ°~Ⅳ°. There was no skin pigmentation in 5 patients with growth retardation. Chromosomol karyotypes were 46, XY, adrenocorticotropin and cortisol levels were normal, electrolyte levels were normal, HCG stimulation test in 5 cases had normal response, 9 cases had low response. Anti-Müllerian hormone and statin B had decreased abnormally with age. A total of 14 NR5A1 variants were detected in the 15 children, most of which occurred in exon 4, of which 9 variant loci were not included in the HGMD database as of December 2022. Conclusion:The clinical phenotype of 46, XY abnormal sexual development caused by NR5A1 gene variants is extensive, with the external genitals showing varying degrees of insufficient masculinization. Adrenal involvement is rare.

To reduce the subjectivity and uncertainty present in the current international methods of drug value pricing when converting value into monetary prices,based on the hedonic pricing theory,it considers the post-negotiation price between manufacturers and payers as a reasonable price reference in the value pricing of Chinese patent medicine.By constructing an indicator system for the characteristics of Chinese patent medicine,it selects and measures the value characteristic variables that affect the price of Chinese patent medicine.It serves as the theoretical foundation and research basis for establishing a Hedonic price model between characteristic price variables and negotiation prices,thereby promoting the enhancement of rationality and objectivity in value-guided pricing of Chinese patent medicine.

To reduce the subjectivity and uncertainty present in the current international methods of drug value pricing when converting value into monetary prices,based on the hedonic pricing theory,it considers the post-negotiation price between manufacturers and payers as a reasonable price reference in the value pricing of Chinese patent medicine.By constructing an indicator system for the characteristics of Chinese patent medicine,it selects and measures the value characteristic variables that affect the price of Chinese patent medicine.It serves as the theoretical foundation and research basis for establishing a Hedonic price model between characteristic price variables and negotiation prices,thereby promoting the enhancement of rationality and objectivity in value-guided pricing of Chinese patent medicine.

To reduce the subjectivity and uncertainty present in the current international methods of drug value pricing when converting value into monetary prices,based on the hedonic pricing theory,it considers the post-negotiation price between manufacturers and payers as a reasonable price reference in the value pricing of Chinese patent medicine.By constructing an indicator system for the characteristics of Chinese patent medicine,it selects and measures the value characteristic variables that affect the price of Chinese patent medicine.It serves as the theoretical foundation and research basis for establishing a Hedonic price model between characteristic price variables and negotiation prices,thereby promoting the enhancement of rationality and objectivity in value-guided pricing of Chinese patent medicine.

The clinical practice guidelines of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） have problems such as limited clinical application and unclear implementation effects， which may be related to the lack of clinical practice evidence. To provide reliable and precise evidence for clinical practice， this article proposes a model of combining TCM guidelines with real-world study， which includes 4 steps. Firstly， during the implementation process of the guidelines， a high-quality research database is established. Secondly， the recommendations in the guidelines are evaluated based on the established database in multiple dimensions， including applicability， effectiveness， safety， and cost-effectiveness， and thus their effectiveness in practical applications can be determined. Thirdly， based on the established database， core prescriptions are identified， and the targeted populations and medication plans are determined. That is， the best treatment regimen is established based on the analysis of abundant clinical data regarding the effects of different medication frequencies， dosages， and duration on efficacy. Fourthly， the guidelines are updated according to the real-world evidence. The research based on this model can provide real-world evidence for ancient and empirical prescriptions， improving their application in clinical practice. Moreover， this model can reduce research costs and improve research efficiency. When applying this model， researchers need to pay attention to the quality of real-world evidence， ensuring that it can truly reflect the situation in clinical practice. In addition， importance should be attached to the clinical application of guideline recommendations， ensuring that doctors can conduct standardized diagnosis and treatment according to the guidelines. Finally， full-process participation of multidisciplinary experts is encouraged to ensure the comprehensiveness and scientificity of the study. In conclusion， the application of this model will contribute to the development of TCM guidelines responsive to the needs of clinical practice and achieve the goal of promoting the homogenization of TCM clinical diagnosis and treatment.