The paper was aimed to review the modeling methods of spleen-yang deficiency, which can be classified into imitating traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) etiology methods and modern medicine methods. At present, methods of modeling were not generally accepted and the main presented problems were as follows. Modern medicine methods did not conformed to the rules of TCM etiology and pathogenesis. The evaluation of yang deficiency models was not accurate. Some modeling methods can lead to other diseases at the same time. The names of spleen deficiency model were not unified. It was difficult to distinguish the modeling methods of spleen-yang deficiency and spleen-qi deficiency, and etc. Model evaluation of spleen-yang deficiency was various. However, the domestic standard evaluation system had not been formed. The main model evaluation problems were as follows. Macro symptoms of the model lacked of objective and quantitative evaluation. It lacked of evaluation indexes of pulse and tongue with TCM characteristics. The disproof of prescription selection was not unified. Similar syndromes had not been ruled out. The microscopic indexes were fragmented, and etc. This paper reviewed on animal modeling methods of spleen-yang deficiency.

Objective To explore the epidemiological characteristics,clinical manifestations,diagnosis and treatment of Fasciola gigantica infection,and to provide reference for future diagnosis and treatment.Methods Four cases of confirmed Fasciola gigantica infection were analyzed retrospectively for epidemiological information,clinical manifestations,laboratory results,imaging findings,diagnosis and treatment outcomes.Results Four Fasciola gigantica infection cases were farmers from Binchuan County,Yunnan Province.All presented with fever,hepatalgia,percussion pain,hepatomegaly,eosinophilia,hyperglobulinemia,neutrophilia and anemia.Computed tomography (CT) scans showed multiple low density shadows scattered in the liver parenchyma.Eggs of Fasciola gigantica were detected in feces of the patients,and results of antibody against Fasciola gigantica detected by enzyme-linked immunosorhent assay (ELISA) were positive.Triclabendazole treatment was effective.Conclusion Human Fasciola gigantica infection is rare,without specific clinical manifestations,and triclabendazole is the first choice of treatment.

Aptamers are capable of binding a wide range of biomolecular targets with high affinity and specificity. It has been widely developed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Because of unique three dimensional structures and cell-membrane penetration, aptamers inhibit virus infection not only through binding specific target, such as the viral envelope, genomic site, enzyme, or other viral components, but also can be connected to each other or with siRNA jointly achieve antiviral activity. Taking human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus as examples, this paper reviewed the effects and mechanisms of aptamers on disturbing viral infection and replication steps. It may provide an insight to the development of aptamer-based new antiviral drugs.

This paper introduces the development and application of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) scales in research on coronary heart disease (CHD). Currently, the scales for CHD patients have been more systematically developed and widely used in foreign countries, while domestically in China, they are developed successfully but problematically; research in this field has started later and the scales introduced are limited and not suitable for the entire range of domestic CHD patients. Thus, this paper introduces 26 HRQOL scales in research on CHD, including five generic scales, ten disease-specific scales from abroad and eleven scales originating from China. With the deficiency of HRQOL scales, especially that in traditional Chinese medicine and specific scales, this paper analyzes and summarizes the problems existing in development of scales. The authors also provide solutions in order to help the development and application of scales in further studies.

Objective To analyse the application status of antihyportensive drug among community elderly patients with hypertension in Gaomi city. Methods Based on the investigation data of antihypertensive application in communities, various manifestations and the causes of antihypertensive application in community elderly patients are summarized, and the improvement proposals are put forward. Results A total of 1487 elderly patients with hypertension were investigated, 332 of them were untreated, among 1155 patients who received drug therapy the irrational drug use ratio was 77.4%. The main factors that caused the rational use of antihypertensive drug include: patients paid little attention to hypertension , they usually had little knowledge of this disease, and they lacked of professional guidance, as well as other factors such as economic factors, adverse drug reactions, et al. Conclusions There are many problems consist in community hypertension drug therapy, and it is necessary to strengthen the work of community hypertension control.

Objective To explore the association between SLC2A9,SLC17A3,ABCG2 single nucleotide polymorphisms and gout susceptibility in Quanzhou.Methods One hundred and fifty-four cases of gout patients and 160 healthy controls were selected,single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of SLC2A9 SLC17A3,ABCG2 with tri-primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were tested and the relation between different genotypes and primary gout prevalence were analyzed.Results High risk genotype frequency of rs16890979 was 93.5％ and 70.0％ in patients and healthy people,respectively (the difference of genotype frequency between the two groups was statistically significant (x2=55.377,P＜0.01).High risk allele frequency was 79.9％ and 48.4％ in patients and healthy people,respectively (allele frequency in different population was statistically significant,x2=67.128,P＜0.01).High risk genotype frequency of rs2231142 was 68.8％ and 38.7％ in patients and healthy people,respectively (the difference of the genotype frequency was statistically significant,x2=29.129,P＜0.01);High risk allele frequency was 43.5％ and 23.4％ in patients and healthy people,respectively (the difference of allele frequency was statistically significant,x2=28.468,P＜0.01) ; rs1165205was a protective SNP,low risk genotype frequency was 42.2％ and 45.6％ in patients and healthy people,respectively (the difference of genotype frequency was statistically significant,x2=0.373,P=0.571); High risk allele frequency was 26.0％ and 28.1％ in patients and healthy people,respectively (the difference of allele frequency was not statistically significant,x2=0.270,P=0.364).Conclusion SNP loci rs16890979 of SLC2A9 gene and rs2231142 of ABCG2 gene can be used as genetic markers for primary gout susceptibility in the Quanzhou area,but SNP loci rs1165205 of SLC17A3 gene has little correlation with the prevalence of primary gout in Quanzhou residents.

Objective To measure the expressions of programmed death?1(PD?1)and programmed death ligand?1(PD?L1)on peripheral blood T lymphocytes of patients with condyloma acuminatum(CA), and to investigate their role in cellular immunity in these patients. Methods Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 30 patients with CA(CA group)and 20 healthy human controls (control group). Flow cytometry was conducted to detect the expressions of PD?1 and PD?L1 on the surfaces of peripheral blood CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes, and to determine the counts of CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes. Enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was performed to measure the levels of serum interleukin?2(IL?2)and interferon?γ(IFN?γ). Statistical analyses were carried out to compare the above parameters between the two groups, and to assess the relationship of PD?1 and PD?L1 expressions with the counts of CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes as well as with the serum levels of IL?2 and IFN?γ. Results There was a significant increase in the expression rates of PD?1 and PD?L1 on CD4+T lymphocytes(PD?1:9.48%± 3.31%vs. 7.12%± 2.16%, t=2.81, P<0.01;PD?L1:4.40%± 1.46%vs. 3.26%± 1.13%, t=3.16, P<0.01)and CD8+T lymphocytes(PD?1:12.52%± 3.17%vs. 9.95%± 2.17%, t=3.16, P<0.01;PD?L1:7.07%± 2.23%vs. 5.39%± 1.69%, t=2.88, P<0.01)in the CA group compared with the control group. Moreover, the CA group showed significantly lower counts of CD4+T lymphocytes(727.43 ± 138.59/μl vs. 804.25 ± 92.83/μl, t=2.17, P<0.05)and CD4/CD8 ratio(1.23±0.35 vs. 1.46 ± 0.34, t = 2.24, P < 0.05) than the control group, while no significant difference was observed in CD8 + T lymphocyte counts between the CA group and control group(613.60 ± 121.60/μl vs. 572.45 ± 103.08/μl, t=1.24, P>0.05). The levels of serum IL?2 and IFN?γwere both lower in the CA group than in the control group(t=2.12, 2.16, respectively, both P < 0.05). In the CA group, PD?1 and PD?L1 expression levels on peripheral blood CD4 + T lymphocytes were both negatively correlated with CD4+T lymphocyte counts, the CD4/CD8 ratio, as well as IL?2 and IFN?γserum levels(all P<0.05), and those on peripheral blood CD8+T lymphocytes were also negatively correlated with the CD4/CD8 ratio(all P<0.05), but uncorrelated with CD8+T lymphocyte counts(both P>0.05). Conclusion PD?1 was highly expressed on peripheral blood T lymphocytes from patients with CA, which may inhibit T lymphocyte?mediated immune response, decrease CD4+T lymphocyte counts, the CD4/CD8 ratio as well as IL?2 and IFN?γserum levels by interacting with its ligand PD?L1 and forming the PD?1/PD?L1 signaling pathway.

Objective To explore the epidemic characteristics,clinical features and treatment outcome of brucellosis in the Dali area of Yunnan province.Methods The clinical data of 43 cases with brucellosis from Janurany 2012 to September 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.Results Among 43 cases,there were 35 males,8 females, 37 farmers,5 veterinary,and 1 teacher.42 patients had a clear history of contact with cattle and sheep,1 case of no clear history of exposure to cattle and sheep,mainly fever,accompanied by chills,headache,joint pain,low back pain, weight loss,hepatosplenomegaly etc.Laboratory routine examination showed no specificity,SAT was detected in 30 cases,positive rate was 100.0%,blood culture in 28 cases,23 cases were positive,the positive rate was 82.1%. 41 cases of adult patients with rifampicin and tetracycline or doxycycline + levofloxacin and cefotaxime drugs combined therapy,treatment for 6 weeks,2 cases of children took rifampicin and SMZ -TMP treatment for 6 weeks, improvement rate was 100%,there was no recurrence and death cases.Conclusion Dali area is popular in brucellosis, the clinical manifestations and the infection way diversification,need the attention of the clinicians.

Objective To investigate the correlation between opportunistic infections in patients with HIV /AIDS in Dali of Yunnan Province and CD +4 lymphocyte count,discover the incidence trend of opportunistic infections in patients with HIV /AIDS in Dali and instruct early diagnosis and treatment.Methods Choosing 454 cases of opportunistic infections in patients with HIV /AIDS in Infectious Disease Dali Prefectural Hospital were chosen,ana-lyze various opportunistic infections,examining CD +4 lymphocyte count and analyze the differences of opportunistic infections on CD +4 lymphocyte count.Results 454 cases opportunistic infections with HIV /AIDS,48.24% were HCV infections,38.72% of various tuberculosis consumption phthisis,28.41% of bacterial pneumonia and 25.77%of oral condida monilia infections,high rate of opportunistic infections when CD +4 lymphocyte count <200 /μL;when CD +4 <50 /μL,53.33% of the patients with more than three pathogen infections,thus higher than those CD +4 >350 /μL of 5.56%(χ2 =34.88,P <0.01);The high rate of opportunistic infections found on patients without the treatment of HAART(40.83%,U =9.05,P <0.01),comparing to 18.79% of those with the treatment.Conclusion The com-mon opportunistic infections in our area are HCV,various tuberculosis consumption phthisis,bacterial pneumonia and oral condida monilia infections;high rate of opportunistic infections happens when CD +4 lymphocyte count are low and lower rate on those with the treatment of HAART,offering an effective method on controlling opportunistic infections.

Objective To investigate the operation key points, instrument improvement and shortterm effects in total en bloc spondylectomy (TES) via a single posterior approach for thoracic and lumbar tumors. Methods A series of modified instruments have been designed for the TES, including threadwire saw (T-saw) with a diameter of 0.81 mm, director and clamping for the saw, L shape and furcation osteotomes.The corpectomy of original TES which was defined as "one step dissection" from anteriorly to posteriorly, was modified into "two step dissection" which means that corpectomy was performed with saw cutting anteriorposteriorly and the L shape cutting posterior-anteriorly. In the cases with difficulty in pediculotomy using a T-saw, furcation osteotome was used for pediculotomy. Ten patients with thoracic or lumbar tumors were treated with the modified TES. There were 1 case of bone giant cell tumor, 1 case of bone neurilemmoma and 8 cases of metastatic tumors. All patients suffered moderate-severe pain and neurological deficit. Results The average follow-up period was 8.1(3.3-18.1) months. The average operating time was 7.8 h(6.0-10.3 h),and average blood loss was 2100 ml (1200-3500 ml). No disruption of dural mater, the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid, iatrogenic spinal cord injury and major vessel damage occurred. Two patients who underwent pleura disruption happened during the operation were treated with intrathoracic drain remedy. Among 7 cases with thoracic tumors, significant improvement in neurological function were achieved in 5 patients with the improvement of one grade in ASIA classification, while no change was found in 2 cases. In 3 cases with lumbar tumor, lumbar nerve root pain relieved and the muscle strength had recovered to grade 4 at least postoperatively. Conclusion Significant improvement has been achieved in the maneuverability and safety of the modified surgical techniques in TES with a single posterior approach for thoracic and lumbar tumors.