Objective To study any protection against hippocampal neuron damage induced by epilepsy (SE) provided by transcutaneous stimulation (TNS) of the trigeminal nerve and to document any effect of such stimulation on the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65/67.Methods Pilocarpine injection was used to induce epilepsy in healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats which were then randomly divided into a treatment group and a model group.Rats which had not received the pilocarpine injection served as normal controls.In the treatment group the rats were given electrostimulation for one month after the first spontaneous seizure following the injection of pilocarpine.In the model group they were given sham TNS for one month.After the month of stimula-tion,immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of GAD65/67 in the hippocampus.Terminal deoxy-nucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays and Nissl staining were applied to deter-mine apoptosis and neuron loss in the hippocampus.Results Significantly less apoptosis was observed in the treatment group than in model group at 24 h,48 h and 72 h post-injection.Compared to the model group,average GAD65/67 expression had increased significantly in the treatment group at 24 h,72 h,1 week,2 weeks and 4 weeks post-stimulation.GAD65 expression reached its peak from 72 h to 1 week post-stimulation,then decreased to the level of the control group by 4 weeks post-stimulation.The expression of GAD67 remained elevated at all the time points employed.Conclusions TNS can significantly protect hippocampal neurons from damage in epilepsy,at least in rats.The underlying anti-epileptic and neuroprotective mechanisms may involve increased inhibitory transmission induced by the stimulation.

Objective To explore the composition principles of prescriptions for simple obesity based on the analysis of medical literature issued in recently 30 years about Chinese medicine for simple obesity. Methods We collected literature of Chinese medicine in treating simple obesity from VIP, CNKI, Wanfang, CBM and CMCC/CMCI databases, and screened out the formulas for simple obesity to establish a formula database. And then the medication rules were figured out with the Traditional Chinese medicine Inheritance Support System version 2.5 (TCMISS 2.5) software. Results A total of 57 formulas were screened out. And the top 10 herbs with highest occurrence frequency in the prescriptions were Poria, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Rhizoma Alismatis, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Fructus Crataegi, Radix Astragali, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Folium Nelumbinis, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Semen Cassiae. After data mining, we got 13 high-frequency herb-pair combinations and 31 core combinations, and 8 new prescriptions were extracted. Conclusion The research has achieved the quantitative description of the relationship between the Chinese medicines, the extraction of the core combinations and the discovery of new Chinese medicine prescriptions for simple obesity. The results will provide references for the development of new Chinese medicines for the treatment of simple obesity .

OBJECTIVETo describe the epidemiological characteristics of nonfatal child pedestrian injuries and provide information to help understand an important public-health problem.

METHODSThis was a school-based, cross-sectional questionnaire survey. The sample (42 750 children) was obtained from two urban cities of Guangdong Province, China, using multi-stage randomized sampling. Information was collected by the respondents self-reporting in the classroom.

RESULTSThe incidence rate of nonfatal child pedestrian injuries in the cities was 2.0%. Boys had a higher incidence rate (2.6%) than girls (1.4%). Compared to other children, those aged 10 years are at the highest risk. The primary places of occurrence were sidewalks, residential roads, and crosswalks. High-risk behavior of the children immediately prior to injury included mid-block crossings, playing on roads, and crossing on red lights. The major vehicles that caused pedestrian injuries were bicycles, car or vans, and motorcycles. Bruises, fractures, and injuries to the internal organs were the top three types of injuries. Almost 40% of victims were hospitalized, and nearly 30% of the victims suffered long-term disabilities.

CONCLUSIONThis study shows that nonfatal child pedestrian injuries are a very serious public-health problem in the urban cities of Guangdong. Based on the epidemiological characteristics, prevention strategies and further research should be carried out to reduce the occurrence of injuries.

Accident Prevention ; methods ; Accidents, Traffic ; prevention & control ; statistics & numerical data ; Animals ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Data Collection ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Motor Vehicles ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Wounds and Injuries ; epidemiology

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between temperature and non-accidental mortality in Guangzhou, Changsha and Kunming;to evaluate the temperature-related risk of mortality; and thereby to provide scientific evidence for enacting the policy to tackle climate changes.

METHODDaily meteorology data and mortality data were collected in 2006-2009 in Guangzhou, Changsha and Kunming. Distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was established and applied in a case-crossover design, which controlled the secular trend of time, to estimate the specified effects of temperature on non-accidental mortality at conditions of lag 0-2, lag 0-18 and lag 0-27 days, respectively.

RESULTAn obvious seasonal periodicity was found in non-accidental mortality in Guangzhou, Changsha and Kunming during 2006-2009. The mortality number was comparatively high in the winters, and some high temperature days in summer; but was comparatively low in springs and autumn. An L-shaped relationship was found between temperature and mortality in Guangzhou and Kunming and a U-shaped relationship was found in Changsha. When daily mean temperature exceeded 28.2 °C, 24.5°C and 23.2°C, as average temperature increase 1°C, non-accidental mortality increased 4.56% (95%CI:2.74%-6.63%), 5.66% (95%CI:0.22%-12.65%) , -3.94% (95%CI:-32.77%-39.01%) , respectively; when daily mean temperature below 24.8°C, 20.0°C and 17.3°C, as average temperature decrease 1°C, the corresponding increase in non-accidental mortality were 3.28% (95%CI:2.41%-4.10%) (lag 0-18 days), 1.35% (95%CI:0.31%-1.77%) (lag 0-2 days) and 2.42% (95%CI:1.08%-3.27%) (lag 0-27 days) , respectively. The effects of hot weather were acute and short term; while the effects of cold weather had a several days delay, but a longer persistence.

CONCLUSIONSExtreme cold and hot temperature could increase the risk of non-accidental mortality in Guangzhou, Changsha and Kunming. The effects of cold weather had a several days delay, but a longer persistence.

China ; epidemiology ; Climate Change ; Cross-Over Studies ; Humans ; Mortality ; Seasons ; Temperature

Objective To investigate the diagnostic criteria for HBV-related acute-on-chronic pre-liver failure (pre-ACLF) which can effectively predict the risk of liver failure.Methods A total of 1279 patients with severe icteric chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and/or severe acute exacerbation of CHB were enrolled.The influence of serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT),aspartate aminotransferase (AST),and total bilirubin (TBil),international normalized ratio (INR) of prothrombin time,sex,and age on the incidence rate of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) was analyzed,the diagnostic criteria for pre-ACLF and predictive model for ACLF were developed.The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical variables,and the independent samples t-test was used for continuous data;multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the risk of liver failure.Results The baseline serum levels ofALT,AST,and TBil,and INR were independent risk factors for liver failure (P ＜ 0.05).The diagnostic criteria for pre-ACLF were as follows:(1) INR ≥ 1.30;(2) AST ≥ 10×upper limit of normal (ULN) and obvious jaundice (TBil ≥ 51.3 μmol/L),or TBil ≥ 342.0 μmol/L.These criteria had a positive predictive value of 45.9％,a negative predictive value of 89.8％,a sensitivity of 69.1％,and a specificity of 76.9％.The predictive model for the risk of ACLF was PY =1=eX/(1+ex) (PY represented positive results of logistic regression analysis),X =-10.245+0.026×AST(ULN)-0.025×AST(ULN)+0.046×TBil(mg/d1) + 4.642×INR+0.049×age(years).The patients with higher PY values tended to have a higher incidence rate of ACLE The incidence rate of ACLF was 75.3％ in patients with PY ≥ 0.60,more than 50％ in patients with a PY value of 0.40-0.59,and 1.8％ in patients with PY ＜ 0.10 (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The diagnostic criteria for pre-ACLF and predictive model can effectively evaluate the risk of HBV-related ACLF.

Objective: To compare the mutation status of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) between different lesions and clini-cal characteristics of synchronous multiple ground-glass nodules (SMGGNs). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using clinical data from 35 patients with SMGGNs who were admitted to and received surgery at The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical Uni-versity Hospital from January 2017 to December 2018. Next generation sequencing (NGS) was performed for all surgical specimens to detect the mutation status of exons 18, 19, 20, and 21 of the EGFR gene to analyze the relationship between the EGFR mutation sta-tus of the lesions and patient gender, age, lesion location, imaging manifestation of nodules, and adenocarcinoma pathological type . Results: The EGFR mutation rate was 65.7% (23/35 patients). Non-smoking patients and females had higher EGFR mutation rates (P=0.015, P<0.001). The EGFR mutation rate of invasive adenocarcinoma nodules was higher than those of atypical adenomatous hyper-plasia, adenocarcinoma in situ, and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma ( P<0.001). Exon 19 deletion and L858R mutation were the most common mutations of the EGFR gene. There was no significant difference between the pathological subtypes of adenocarcino-ma and the EGFR mutant subtype (P=0.707). Among the 27 patients with multiple nodules with detectable EGFR mutations, the EGFR mutation rate was 85.2% (23/27 patients). Conclusions: The EGFR gene mutation status is different in patients with multiple pulmo-nary ground-glass nodules, suggesting that the occurrence and development of each nodule are independent events. EGFR gene muta-tion is closely related to the development of ground-glass nodules, especially in the invasion of tumors.

Digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) is an absolute quantitative technique that has been rapidly developed in recent years. This technique assigns the reaction system containing DNA template to a large number of independent reaction units for PCR, and calculates the DNA copy number according to the Poisson distribution and statistical positive signals. In contrast to conventional qPCR, dPCR does not depend on amplification curves, is not affected by amplification efficiency, thus has high accuracy and repeatability, and can achieve the absolute quantification. This article reviews the development history of dPCR and its application in molecular diagnosis, tumor liquid biopsy and prenatal diagnosis of infectious diseases, and looks forward to the application prospect of this technology.

Objective:To investigate the effect of prone position on the prognosis of patients with severe pneumonia in intensive care unit (ICU).Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted. The patients with severe pneumonia admitted to the ICU of Qingdao Municipal Hospital from May 2022 to August 2023 were enrolled. The general information, etiology, underlying diseases, vital signs and laboratory indicators at ICU admission, clinical treatment and prognosis during ICU hospitalization were collected. The above clinical data of patients with different prognosis were compared. Multifactorial Logistic regression analysis was used to screen the related factors affecting survival during ICU in patients with severe pneumonia. The change in oxygenation index (PaO 2/FiO 2) of patients with severe pneumonia were observed at 1 hour before the first prone position, 1 hour after the first prone position, and 1 hour after the end of the first prone position. The effect of prone position on oxygenation in patients with severe pneumonia was analyzed. Spearman correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between the duration to first prone position and the change in the PaO 2/FiO 2 before and after prone position in patients with severe pneumonia. Results:Finally, a total of 144 patients with severe pneumonia were enrolled, 45 survived and 99 died during ICU hospitalization, with a mortality of 68.8%. Compared with the survival group, the patients in the death group were older [years old: 81.00 (70.75, 86.00) vs. 71.00 (60.50, 81.50), P < 0.01], the proportion of pre-existing lung disease, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), blood lactic acid (Lac) and the ratio of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) were higher [ratio of pre-existing lung disease: 23.2% (23/99) vs. 8.9% (4/45), HR (bpm): 99.61±22.47 vs. 91.49±18.76, RR (times/min): 22.50 (19.75, 29.25) vs. 20.00 (17.50, 24.50), Lac (mmol/L): 2.00 (1.55, 3.25) vs. 1.60 (1.20, 1.95), CRRT ratio: 25.3% (25/99) vs. 6.7% (3/45), all P < 0.05], and the proportion of prone position was lower [41.4% (41/99) vs. 68.9% (31/45), P < 0.01]. Multifactorial Logistic regression analysis showed that age [odds ratio ( OR) = 0.946, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 0.912-0.980, P = 0.002] and Lac ( OR = 0.563, 95% CI was 0.340-0.930, P = 0.025) were negatively correlated with survival during ICU hospitalization in severe pneumonia patients, while prone position was positively correlated with survival ( OR = 2.551, 95% CI was 1.067-6.095, P = 0.035), indicating that prone position was beneficial for improving ICU prognosis in severe pneumonia patients. The results of PaO 2/FiO 2 at different time points in prone position showed that PaO 2/FiO 2 at 1 hour of the first prone position in the patients with severe pneumonia was significantly higher than that at 1 hour before the first prone position [mmHg (1 mmHg ≈ 0.133 kPa): 146.69 (113.92, 257.25) vs. 111.75 (70.15, 212.20), P < 0.01], indicating that the prone position had a relevant effect on the improvement of oxygenation in patients. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the duration of the first prone position in patients with severe pneumonia was significantly and positively correlated with the improvement of oxygenation at 1 hour of the first prone position ( r = 0.565, P < 0.001). Conclusions:The prone position is a therapeutic measure that can independently influence the prognosis of patients with severe pneumonia during ICU hospitalization. The prone position effectively improves oxygenation in patients with severe pneumonia and the first change in oxygenation in patients is related to the duration of the prone position.