Objective To investigate the varaiation of the incidence of macrosomia and its influencing factors. Methods A population-based study of 25 944 pregnant women,who delivered in Peking University First Hospital in term birth,with singleton,between Jan. 1,2006 and Dec. 31,2013 and accepted the gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)screening and diagnosis,was performed. The women are grouped according to the different clinical interventions at different period. Women delivered between Jan. 1, 2006 and Dec. 31,2006 was defined as Group 2006,and they were diagnosed with glucose metabolism disorder [gestational impaired glucose tolerance(GIGT)and GDM] and intervened only when meeting National diabetes data group(NDDG)criteria. Women delivered between Jan.1,2007 and Apr. 30,2011 were defined as Group post 2007,and NDDG criteria was also applied in this period. Women delivered between May. 1,2011 and Dec. 31,2013 were defined as Group post 2011,and Ministry of Health(MOH)of China was used for GDM diagnosis in this group. All pregnant women in Group post 2007 accepted the preliminary pregnancy nutrition advice and weight management. All participants met MOH criteria were diagnosed as glucose metabolism disorder in this study,in which women diagnosed and intervened in pregnancy were defined as Group diagnosis and those not being identified during pregnancy were defined as Group missed diagnosis. It was analyzed retrospectively for the incidence of macrosomia and the influencing factor. Results (1)The prevalence of macrosomia and cesarean section was decreased every year from Jan. 2006 to Dec. 2013. The incidence of macrosomia was 9.14%in 2006,reduced to 8.02%in 2007-2011 and 6.79%in 2011-2013. The incidence of cesarean section was 55.22%,reduced to 51.04%in 2007-2011 and 44.15%in 2011-2013. However,there was not remarkable change in the prevalence of small for gestational age(P>0.05).(2)Compared with Group 2006,the incidence of cesarean section was lower in Group post 2007 [51.04%(6 504/12 744)vs 55.22%(1 371/2 483)],and the difference is significantly(P<0.05). Meanwhile,the incidence of cesarean section(44.15%,4 732/10 717)and macrosomia(6.79%,728/10 717) in Group post 2011 was lower significantly than Group 2006 and Group post 2007(P<0.05).(3)The incidence of macrosomia was 7.41%(1 129/15 227)and 6.61%(1 006/15 227)respectively in Group diagnosis and Group missed diagnosis before May 2011,combined 14.02%(2 135/15 227)in total. It was increased significantly in the incidence of GDM 21.41%(2 294/10 717)after May 2011 compared with that before (P<0.05). The incidence of macrosomia was decreased significantly using MOH criteria in GDM women since 2011. It was the downtrend in the incidence of macrosomia since 2007 in non GDM women. However,there was no difference in SGA in different period.(4)In glucose metabolism disorder women, compared with Group 2006 and Group post 2007,the incidence of macrosomia and cesarean section was lower in Group post 2011,and the difference is significantly(P<0.05). However,there was no significant difference in the incidence of macrosomia and cesarean section between Group 2006 and Group post 2007, and there was no difference in SGA in the 3 groups(P>0.05). In non GDM women,the incidence of macrosomia and cesarean section was lower in Group post 2011 than Group 2006(P<0.05);meanwhile,it was the downtrend in the incidence of macrosomia in Group post 2007 compared to Group 2006,and the difference of the incidence of cesarean section was significant(P<0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of macrosomia and cesarean section might be reduced by application of suitable criteria for diagnosis of GDM and education on nutrition during pregnancy.

Objective To observe the analgesic effect and safety of dezocine used in the periextubation period in pediatric pa-tients undergoing cleft lip and palate repair surgery under general anesthesia .Methods 60 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA ) grade Ⅰ - Ⅱ pediatric patients undergoing elective cleft lip and palate repair surgery under under general anesthesia in the central anesthesia department from January 1 to August 1 ,2013 were selected and randomly divided into group D ,F and N ,20 cases in each group .All the cases were performed the endotracheal intubation general anesthesia .At 15 min before the end of operation , the group D was intravenously injected by dezocine 0 .10 mg/kg ,the group F by fentanyl 1 .00 μg/kg and the group N (control group) by the isodose normal saline .The mean arterial pressure(MAP) and heart rate(HR) in all groups were recorded before in-duction ,extubation and at 5 min after extubation respectively .The extubation time ,Riker sedation-agitation scores and face ,legs ,ac-tivity ,cry and consolability(FLACC) scores at 30 min after extubation ,occurrence rates of various complications within 30 min after extubation(breathing and circulation depression ,nausea and vomiting ,drowsiness ,headache and extrapyramidal reactions were ob-served and recorded .Results The three groups completed the operation successfully .There were no significantly differences in age , body weight ,operation time and sevoflurane inhalation concentration among the three groups (P>0 .05) .HR and MAP in extuba-tion and at 5 min after extubation in the group D were lower than those in the group N and F(P<0 .05) ,but HR and MAP in extu-bation and at 5 min after extubation had no statistically significant difference between the group D and F (P>0 .05) .There was no statistically significant difference in the extubation time among 3 groups(P>0 .05) .The Riker sedation-agitation scores and the FLACC scores at 30 min after extubation in the group D were significantly lower than those in the group N and F with statistically significant difference( P< 0 .01 ) .Adverse reaction such as respiratory inhibition ,nausea ,vomiting ,lethargy ,headache ,vertebral body reaction were not found in the 3 groups after 30 minutes .Conclusion Dezocine used in pediatric patients with cleft lip and pal-ate repair surgery is safe and effective .

Objective To analyze the characteristics of pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) diagnosed during pregnancy (missed diagnosis before pregnancy), and to evaluate the effects of diagnostic time on pregnancy outcomes. Methods A retrospective study of 746 pregnant women who were diagnosed PGDM and delivered in Peking University First Hospital from January 1st, 2005 to December 31st, 2015 was conducted. The patients were divided into 2 group. Those diagnosed PGDM before pregnancy were defined as Group diagnosed before pregnancy, and those diagnosed during pregnancy were defined as Group diagnosed during pregnancy. In Group diagnosed during pregnancy, those diagnosed before 24 gestational weeks were defined as Group diagnosed during pregnancy A, and those diagnosed after 24 weeks were defined as Group diagnosed during pregnancy B. The prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in each group were analyzed. Results (1) Rate of missed diagnosis for PGDM:the incidence of PGDM diagnosed before pregnancy was 32.2% (240/746), and those diagnosed during pregnancy (missed diagnosis before pregnancy) was 67.8% (506/746). (2) Blood glucose control during pregnancy: ①Group diagnosed before pregnancy and Group diagnosed during pregnancy: the highest glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Group diagnosed before pregnancy was (6.6±1.1)%, higher than that in Group diagnosed during pregnancy [(6.3± 1.0)%, P=0.019]. However, there was no significant difference in the average HbA1c level between the 2 groups (P=0.616). The insulin needed percentage [90.8%(218/240) vs. 53.8%(272/506)] in Group diagnosed before pregnancy were higher than that in Group diagnosed during pregnancy (P<0.01).②Group diagnosed during pregnancy A and B:the highest HbA1c in Group diagnosed during pregnancy A was (6.9± 1.3)%, higher than that in Group diagnosed during pregnancy B [(6.1 ± 0.8)%, P<0.05]. And the average HbA1c in Group diagnosed during pregnancy A [(6.4±0.8)%] was also higher than that in Group diagnosed during pregnancy B [(6.0 ± 0.8)%, P<0.05]. In Group diagnosed during pregnancy B, 46.1%(187/406) used insulin, lower than the percentage in Group diagnosed during pregnancy A (85.0%, 85/100;P<0.01). ③There were no significant differences in the highest HbA1c and the average HbA1c between Group diagnosed during pregnancy A and Group diagnosed before pregnancy (P=0.020, P=0.037). There was neither no significant difference in the percentage used insulin during pregnancy between them (P=0.128). There were significant differences in the highest HbA1c and the average HbA1c between Group diagnosed during pregnancy B and Group diagnosed before pregnancy (P<0.01, P=0.014). There was also significant difference in the percentage used insulin during pregnancy between them (P<0.01). (3) Pregnancy outcome:①Group diagnosed before pregnancy and Group diagnosed during pregnancy: the cesarean section rate [72.5% (174/240) vs. 59.7% (302/506)] in Group diagnosed before pregnancy were higher than those in Group diagnosed during pregnancy (P<0.01). However, there were no significant differences in preterm birth rate, pre-eclampsia, macrosomia percentage, percentage of neonates being hospitalized between the 2 groups (P=0.546,P=1.000,P=0.671,P=0.804). ②There was no significant difference in preterm birth rate, cesarean delivery rate, macrosomia percentage, pre-eclampsia rate, percentage of neonates being hospitalized between Group diagnosed during pregnancy A and Group diagnosed during pregnancy B (P=0.887, P=0.495, P=0.841, P=1.000, P=1.000).③There was no significant difference in preterm birth rate, cesarean delivery rate, macrosomia percentage, pre-eclampsia rate, percentage of neonates being hospitalized between Group diagnosed during pregnancy A and Group diagnosed before pregnancy (P=0.875, P=0.093, P=0.662, P=1.000, P=0.837). The cesarean delivery rate was lower in Group diagnosed during pregnancy B than that in Group diagnosed before pregnancy (P=0.001). However, there were no significant differences in preterm birth rate, macrosomia percentage, pre-eclampsia rate, percentage of neonates being hospitalized between them (P=0.530, P=0.776, P=1.000, P=0.797). Conclusions The diagnosis of PGDM is commonly missed before pregnancy. Fasting plasma glucose should be used as screening test to identify PGDM at pre-pregnancy examination or first antenatal care. Using abnormal value of 2-hour glucose after 24 gestational weeks as the only way to diagnose PGDM is not suitable.

Objective To investigate the relationship between gestational hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes and find out the optimum diagnostic criteria of gestational diabetes mellitus in China. Methods A retrospective population-based study of 14 593 pregnant women, who delivered between Jan. 2005 and Dec. 2009 and accepted the gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) screening and diagnosis was performed. The prevalence of gestational hyperglycemia according to different criteria was calculated, and the incidence of adverse pregnant outcomes relation to gestational hyperglycemia according to different criteria was analyzed. Results ( 1 ) According to National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria and International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria, the prevalence of gestational hyperglycemia that intervention required was 8.9% (1293/14 593 ) and 14.7% (2138/14 593 )respectively; the prevalence of gestational hyperglycemia differed significantly between NDDG and IADPSG criteria ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). ( 2 ) The prevalence of macrosomia, large for gestational ages ( LGA), cesarean section,preterm birth and neonatal hypoglycemia etc would increase in gestational glucose metabolic disorders according to any criteria. The prevalence of the complications in gestational hyperglycemia according to NDDG criteria, IADPSG criteria and the patients with normal glucose metabolism is as follows, macrosomia:8.4% ( 108/1293), 11.3% (241/2138) and 6. 7% ( 835/12 403 ); LGA: 9. 7% ( 125/1293 ), 11.7% (250/2138) and 5.5% (687/12 403); cesarean section: 59. 0% (763/1293), 60. 4% ( 1291/2138 ) and 51.6%(6397/12403); preterm birth: 11.4% (147/1293), 9.5% (203/2138) and 6.3% (777/12 403); neonatal hypoglycemia: 2. 6% ( 33/1293 ), 2. 2% (46/2138) and 0. 7% ( 89/12 403 ). ( 3 )About 71.3% (922/1293) of the gestational hyperglycemia according to NDDG criteria could be well control only by diet control. Conclusion The prevalence of perinatal complications would increase in gestational hyperglycemia that achieved IADPSG criteria without intervention, so IADPSG criteria is reasonable in China.

Objective To compare the diagnostic values of the detection of urine exfoliated cells by FISH and cytology technolo‐gy in bladder urothelial tumor .Methods The combination probes of CSP3/CSP7 and GLPp16/CSP17 were both used in the FISH detection of urine exfoliated cells from suspected patients with bladder urothelial tumor .The urine exfoliated cells were detected by cytology technology at the same time .The sensitivity and the specificity of the two methods were compared .Results The sensitivi‐ty and specificity of FISH for bladder urothelial tumor screening were 92 .5% and 85 .0% respectively ,and those of cytology tech‐nology were 27 .5% and 90 .0% respectively .The sensitivity of FISH was significantly higher than that of cytology technology (P<0 .05) ,however ,the specificity differences between FISH and cytology technology were not statistically significant (P>0 .05) .Conclusion FISH is expected to become a new method for the screening of bladder urothelial tumor .

Objective To investigate the incidence of glucose metabolism disorder during pregnancy and establish the diagnosis criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among Chinese patients.Method A prospective popolation-bused study of 16 286 pregnant women,who received 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT) for the first time between Apr 1,2006 and Sept 30,2006,was performed throughout 18 cities in China. Results According to national diabetes data group (NDDG)criteria,the overall incidence of GDM and glucose impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT) was 2.763% (450/16 286) and 3.862% (629/16 286),respectively; it changed to 5.078% (827/16 286)and 5.268% (858/16 286) when using American diabetes association (ADA) criteria.If the women who had 2 or more abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) values meeting or exceeding ADA criteria was classified as group 1,and the women who had one or more meeting or exceeding NDDG criteria was group 2,the ratio of women who met both the criteria of ADA and NDDG in group 1 was 94.2%.The 95% CI of normal glucose when using ADA criteria were fasting glucose 5.3 mmol/L,1 hour 10.4 mmol/L,2 hour 8.7 mmol/L,3 hour 7.7 mmol/L,which is close to ADA criteria.Conclusions ADA criterion is more suitable for Chinese patients.According to NDDG criteria,it is reasonable to treat the patient with 1 or more abnormal OGTT values,and if choosing ADA criteria,2 or more abnormal OGrIT values is more reasonable.

Objective To investigate the relationship of different types of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregnancy outcomes.Methods A total of 4090 cases,who received prenatal examination and delivered in Peking University First Hospital and performed a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (75 g OGTT) at 24-28 gestational weeks,from January.1st,2011 to Jul 31st,2012,were divided into 2groups.Normal blood glucose group:the result of OGTT (fasting plasma glucose,1 hour glucose and 2 hour glucose) was normal; Gestational diabetes mellitus group (GDM group):the result of OGTT was abnormal at any time point.GDM group were separated into A,B and C.GDM A means fasting plasma glucose annormal but others were normal,GDM B:fasting plasma glucose,1 hour and/or 2 hour glucose abnormal,GDM C:fasting plasma glucose normal.To analyse the effect of different number of abnormal result of OGTT on pregnancy outcomes,GDM group were divided into Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ.GDM Ⅰ means one abnormal blood glucose of OGTT result,GDM Ⅱ:two abnormal blood glucose and GDM Ⅲ:three abnormal blood glucose.We analyzed the pregnant outcomes of each group.Results (1) Among the 4090 cases,858 cases (21.98％) were diagnosed as GDM (GDM group),and 82 cases (9.6％,82/858) were treated with insulin,other 3232 cases with normal blood glucose (normal blood glucose group).In GDM group,the rate of cesarean section (51.9％,445/858),premature delivery (8.4％,72/858) and LGA (5.9％,51/858)were respectively significantly higher than those of normal blood glucose group [(43.5％,1406/3232),(5.8％,189/3232) and (4.2％,137/3232)] (P ＜ 0.05).But,there was no statistically significant differences for the rate of macrosomia (P ＞ 0.05) between the GDM group (6.8％,58/858) and normal blood glucose group (6.2％,199/3232).(2)In the GDM group,GDM A was 317 cases (36.9％),GDM B 239 cases (27.8％),GDM C 302 cases (35.2％).The incidence of Macrosomia and LGA in GDM B was significantly higher than that in GDM C and normal blood glucose group (P ＜ 0.05).Comparing with GDM A,there was no statistically significance in GDM B and GDM C (P ＞ 0.05).(3)In GDM group,GDM Ⅰ was 521 cases (60.7％),GDM Ⅱ203 cases (15.6％),GDM Ⅲ 134 cases (23.7％).Compared with the normal blood glucose group,GDM Ⅲ had a significantly higher incidence of macrosomia and LGA and cesarean section(P ＜ 0.01) ;and GDM Ⅱ had only a significantly higher incidence of cesarean section (P ＜ 0.01).(4) Among the 4090 cases,there were 1118 patients (27.3 ％) whose fasting blood glucose was below 4.4 mmol/L,of which 55 cases were diagnosed as GDM.There were 4 premature infants and 1 macrosomia.Conclusions The GDM group with more than FBG ≥5.1 mmol/L had a higher incidence of adverse pregnancy uutcomes,it suggested that we should pay more attention and take actively intervented;the pregnant woman is not recommended for 75g OGTT detection when fasting blood glucose was below 4.4 mmol/L because of the low rate of GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes among them.

Objective To explore the relevance between fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level in early pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods Clinical data of 5299 singletonpregnant women accepted antenatal examination and delivered in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. Results (1) The pregnant women were divided into 3 groups according to their FPG levels at early stage of gestation: Group A, FPG ＜5. 1 mmol/L (n= 4565); Group B,FPG≥5.1, but ＜5.8 mmol/L (n=701); Group C, FPG≥5.8 mmol/L, but ＜7.0 mmol/L(n=33). The incidence of GDM in Group A, B and C was 10. 69% (488/4565), 26. 11% (183/701)and 54. 55% (18/33). (2) The incidences of large for gestational age (LGA), cesarean section,premature birth, preeclampsia, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal polycythemia, and neonatal infection were compared between Group A and B. The cesarean section rate [54. 63% (282/518)]and neonatal hypoglycemia rate [1.54% (8/518)]of those who were not diagnosed as GDM in middle and late term in Group B were higher than those of Group A [49.03%(1999/4077) and 0. 61% (25/4077)] (P＜0. 05); while there were no differences between the other six index of Group A and Group B (P＞0. 05). The prognosis of the GDM patients who did not accept gestational glucose management in two groups were similar (P＞0. 05), so did the prognosis of the GDM patients who accepted gestational glucose management in two groups. After combining the patients of the two groups who were not diagnosed as GDM as a new group, they were compared with those who did not accept gestational glucose management of the two groups (Group A2 and B2)respectively. The incidence of LGA rate of the new group was lower than that of Group A2 (12. 00%va 4. 94 %, x2=21. 4159, P＜0. 05) and Group B2 (18. 39 % vs 4. 94%, x2 = 28. 7189, P＜0. 05).Cesarean section rate of the new group was lower than that of Group A2 (57. 78% vs 49.64%,x2 =5. 6806,P＜0.05) and Group B2 (66. 67% vs 49.64%, x2 =9. 9003, P＜0. 05). And there were no differences between the other six index between the new group and the other two groups (P＞0. 05). Conclusions The diagnosis criteria of GDM set as FPG≥5.1 mmol/L at early stage of gestation, recommended by International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group, is not applicable in China yet. Oral glucose tolerance test in middle and late term is still the most important diagnostic tool for GDM.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics (social background,comorbidity,complications and outcomes of pregnancy) of multipara in Beijing area.Methods A systematic cluster sampling survey was conducted on 15 194 pregnant women who gave birth at 15 hospitals in Beijing from January to June in 2013.The age,gestational weeks at delivery,education background,geographical distribution,health insurance coverage,mode of delivery,comorbidity and complications of pregnancy,pregnant outcomes and other relevant clinical data were collected and analyzed with two-sample t test or Chi-square test.Results The proportion of multipara in Beijing area was 21.12％ (3 209/15 194),the per capita number of delivery was 1.23 (18 745/15 194).The ratio of women with higher education background,average monthly household income over 3 000 yuan,urban residence and social insurance in multipara were much lower than those in primipara (all P＜0.05).The mean maternal age of multipara was (30.02±4.88) years,pre-pregnancy body mass index was 22.24 ± 3.48,which were all higher than those of primipara [(27.82 ± 4.03) years and 21.54 ± 3.29,respectively,t=23.440 and 11.115,all P＜0.01].And the gestational weeks at delivery and mean weight gain during pregnancy of multipara was less than that of primipara [(39.15 ±1.67) vs (39.49 ± 1.67) weeks,t=-14.044,P=0.000;(14.66±6.24) vs (15.81 ± 5.86) kg,t=-9.448,P=0.000],while the levels of total cholesterol,triglyceride and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and the incidence of macrosomia were significantly higher [(5.59± 1.14) vs (5.24± 1.15) mmol/L,(2.31± 1.38) vs (1.96± 1.34) mmol/L,(3.03±0.91) vs (2.82±0.87) mmol/L,t=12.867,15.718 and 10.275,all P＜0.01;9.29％ (298/3 209) vs 7.24％ (868/11 985),x2=14.926,P=0.000].Significantly lower incidences of abnormal amniotic fluid volume,premature rupture of membranes,fetal distress,abnormal labor and vaginal delivery (all P ＜ 0.01),but higher neonatal birth weight [(3 374.38 ±504.57) vs (3 328.39±488.70) g,t=4.839,P=0.000] and cesarean section rate [45.96％ (1 475/3 209) vs 42.49％(5 092/11 985),x2=12.477,P＜0.01] were found in multipara than in primipara.Compared with primipara,multipara had higher incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus,diabetes during pregnancy,pregnancy complicated with cardiovascular problems,hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy [adjusted OR(95％CI):1.265 (1.135-1.411),1.799 (1.215 2.663),1.567 (1.221-2.347),1.647 (1.300-2.086),all P＜0.01].Conclusions The primipara is the major reproductive population in Beijing area.However,the multipara requires close antenatal care because of their susceptibility to pregnant complications.

Objective To investigate the values and characteristics of 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in women with different pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and to evaluate the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Methods Medical records of 9 803 pregnant women attending the Peking University First Hospital and delivered between July 1, 2011 and December 31, 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.The frequency of adverse pregnancy outcomes across different degrees pre-pregnancy BMI was calculated.We divided participants into 4 groups based on pre-pregnancy BMI, underweight: BMI＜18.5 kg/m2 (1 221 cases), normal weight: 18.5-23.9 kg/m2 (6 594 cases), overweight: 24-27.9 kg/m2 (1 549 cases), obesity: ≥28.0 kg/m2 (439 cases).The diagnosis of GDM was made when any one of the values was met or exceeded in 75 g OGTT.The characteristics of 75 g OGTT and the incidence of GDM were analyzed.Results (1) The average age, pre-pregnancy weight, height and pre-pregnancy BMI of the participants was (30.5±3.7) years, (57.7±9.0) kg, (162.8±4.9) cm and (21.8±3.2) kg/m2, respectively.All the values of 75 g OGTT were presented normal distribution.(2)There was statistical difference in the glucose levels among women with different pre-pregnancy BMI.The fasting, 1-hour, 2-hour glucose were (4.55± 0.34), (7.31 ± 1.54), (6.38± 1.23) mmol/L in underweight women, (4.65 ±0.38), (7.70± 1.59), (6.70± 1.27) mmol/L in normal weight women, (4.82±0.47),(8.29±1.67),(7.04±1.29) mmol/L in overweight women and (4.94±0.48), (8.56 ± 1.64), (7.10 ± 1.35) mmol/L in obesity women (P＜0.01).(3) The incidence of GDM was 21.76％(2 133/9 803) in our study.There were 1 374 cases (64.42％, 1 374/2 133)with only one abnormal OGTT value while 759 cases (35.58％, 759/2 133)with two or more abnormal values.The incidence of GDM in women with underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity was 12.53％(153/1 221),19.71％(1 300/ 6 594),32.73％ (507/1 549) and 39.41％ (173/439), respectively (P＜0.05).Meanwhile, the incidence of women with two and more abnormal OGTT value in GDM was increased as the pre-pregnancy increasing.Conclusion The risk of GDM is increased as pre-pregnancy BMI increasing, and the risk of GDM increases significantly in women with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity.