OBJECTIVE: To look for the breakthrough for the implementation of national essential drugs system in China. METHODS: Based on relevant literatures, the disadvantage of establishment of National Essential Drug System and its main reason were considered. RESULTS: Five disadvantages of establishment of National Essential Drugs System were as follows: early starting, slow process and some links against essential drug system; clear direction of national drug policy without significant effectiveness; Essential Drugs List didn’t occupy high dominant position. National Essential Drugs System lacked of legal status and liability subject. CONCLUSION: National Essential Drug System should be escalated from policy of government to national policy, and legislation of National Essential Drug System should be strengthened. Government at all levels is liability subject to implement National Essential Drugs System and perform classification management system of essential drug.

Objective To understand antimicrobial resistance and homology of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP)from an intensive care unit (ICU).Methods 11 CRKP isolates from patients and environment of an ICU in a hospital were performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing,the homology of CRKP was analyzed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)method.Results Of 11 CRKP isolates,8 were from patients,and 3 from environment,the main specimen was sputum(n =6,54.55%).Antimicrobial susceptibility testing results re-vealed that 10 (90.91%)CRKP isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin;11 isolates were susceptible to compound sulfame-thoxazole,intermediate to imipenem,and resistant to other antimicrobial agents(100%).All 11 CRKP isolates had 3 bands,and were divided into two types:(typeⅠ,n=10;type Ⅱ,n=1).Conclusion Antimicrobial resistance of Kleb-siella pneumoniae in ICU is serious,CRKP isolated from ICU patients and environment are of the same clone. Cleaning,disinfection,and monitoring of ICU environment should be strengthened,which is helpful for reducing, timely warning of multidrug-resistant organisms,and reducing healthcare-associated infection.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of narrow band-ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) alone or in combination with interferon-alpha-2b (INF-alpha-2b) for mycosis fungoides (MF),and to assess the correlation between the therapeutic effect and peripheral blood regulatory T (Treg)/T helper type 17 (Th 17) cells.Methods Thirty-three patients with stage ⅠA to ⅡA MF were randomly divided into two groups:NB-UVB group (n =15) receiving NB-UVB radiation alone,combined group (n =18) treated with NB-UVB radiation and intramuscular injection of INF-alpha-2b.Ten healthy volunteers were selected as the control group.Peripheral blood samples were collected before and 9 months after the start of treatment.Flow cytometry was performed to determine the percentages of Treg cells and Th17 cells.Statistical analysis was carried out by using t test,one-way analysis of variance,and Fisher's exact test.Results The average treatment duration was 9 months among these patients.Therapeutic outcomes were significantly better in the combined group than in the NB-UVB group (P =0.023).Among the 15 patients in the NB-UVB group,6 achieved complete remission,3 partial remission,6 showed no response;of the 18 patients in the combined group,12 experienced complete remission,5 partial remission,and 1 showed no response.Before the treatment,the percentages of both Treg and Th17 cells in peripheral blood were significantly higher in the NB-UVB group and combined group than in the control group (both P ＜ 0.05),but similar between the NB-UVB group and combined group (both P ＞ 0.05).After the treatment,the percentages of both Treg and Th17 cells in the NB-UVB group and combined group significantly decreased compared with those before the treatment,but were still higher than those in the control group (both P ＜ 0.05).Additionally,the degree of decrease in the percentages of Treg and Th17 cells was significantly greater in the combined group than in the NB-UVB group (both P＜ 0.05).The seven patients with no response also showed a significant decrease in the percentage of Treg cells (P ＜ 0.05),but no obvious changes in that of Th 17 cells (P ＞ 0.05) after the treatment.Conclusions The therapeutic effect of NB-UVB radiation combined with intramuscular INF-alpha-2b is superior to that of NB-UVB radiation alone for MF,which may be associated with the degree of decrease in peripheral blood Treg and Th 17 cells.

A 22-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital with a solitary,gradually growing and painless mass in the left shoulder for 2 years.Physical examination revealed no abnormality except for the skin lesion.Skin examination showed an elevated lesion measuring about 3.5 cm× 2.0 cm × 1.5 cm with smooth surface and normal color,which was located in the subcutaeous tissue,indurated and movable.Resection of the tumor was performed under local anesthesia.On visual observation during operation,the tumor was sited in the subcutaneous fat tissue,nodular-like and surrounded locally by fibrous pseudocapsules with a grey incisal surface and mild texture.Microscopicalty,the tumor was extremely similar to breast fibroadenoma with multiple lobuli,and each of the lobuli was composed of tubiform structures,basal cell-like epithelial cell trabs and fibromyxoid stroma abundant in fibroblast-like spindle cells.No hair bulb or primitive dermal papillae were observed in the lobuli,which were separated by compact collagen fibers infiltrated by a few scattered inflammatory cells.Fibromyxoid strotma was surrounded by basal cell-like epithelial cell strabs in most lobuli,and some tubiform structures were filled with a little thin lightly eosinophilic material in a concentric arrangement.Immunohistochemistry showed that intralobular epithelial cells were strongly positive for cytokeratin 5/6,but negative for CAM5.2 or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).In addition,the lightly eosinophilic material in lumens was negative for periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining.These results suggested that the tubiform structures were immature follicles,but not sweat ducts.The patient was diagnosed with nodular fibrofolliculoma (NFF) based on the clinical manifestations,morphological features,immunohistochemical and PAS staining results.No relapse was observed in more than 3 months of postoperative follow-up.As a benign trichogenic adnexal neoplasm with unique clinicopathological manifestations,NFF may be a new entity of cutaneous adnexal neoplasm.

Objective To detect the expressions of two protein factors hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in gastric cancer in Mongolian and Han two nationalities respectively,and to explore the relationship of HIF-1α and Hp in the development of gastric cancer.Methods A modified Warthin-Starry (W-S) silver staining method was used to detect Hp infection in 27 Mongolian patients with gastric cancer and 30 Han patients with gastric cancer.Immunohistochemical (S-P) method and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method were used to detect protein and mRNA expressions of HIF-1α in cancer tissue,paracancerous tissue and normal tissue samples.The relationship of HIF-1α protein and Hp expression was analyzed between gastric carcinoma tissue samples of Mongolian patient group and Han patient group.Results Hp infection rates were 81.5％ (22/27) and 66.7％ (20/30) in Mongolian and Han patients with gastric cancer.The difference in infection rate was not statistically significant between two groups of patients (~=1.608,P ＞ 0.05).The positive expression levels of HIF-1α protein were 62.96％ (17/27) and 70.00％ (21/30) in gastric cancer tissue samples of Mongolian and Han groups.The relative expression levels of HIF-1α mRNA were 0.891 4±0.075 0 and 0.907 4±0.065 5.There was no significant difference in the HIF-1 α mRNA expression between the two nationalities.No positive expressions of HIF-1α protein and mRNA were found in paracancerous tissue and normal tissue samples.There was a positive correlation in the positive expression of HIF-1α protein and Hp infection in gastric cancer tissue samples of Mongolian and Han patient groups (r,=0.424 and 0.617,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion HIF-1α and Hp are pathogenic factors of gastric cancer.Hp and HIF-1α may promote the occurrence of gastric cancer together.The pathogenic mechanism of HIF-1α and Hp in gastric cancer may be the same for Mongolian and Han patients.

Objective: To explore the relationship between serum sodium level and early prognosis in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: A total of 7461 STEMI patients within 12h of onset who matched the diagnostic standard of European society of cardiology and American college of cardiology were retrospectively studied. According to serum sodium levels within 24h of admission, the patients were categorized into 3 groups: Serum sodium≥135 mmol/L group, Serum sodium 130-134 mmol/L group and Serum sodium<130 mmol/L group. The baseline condition, 30-day mortality with other adverse events and the effect of neuroendocriology inhibitor treatment were compared among 3 groups; their relationships to serum sodium level were analyzed. Results: Serum sodium<130 mmol/L group had the higher 7-day and 30-day mortality than the other 2 groups, both P<0.001; compared with Serum sodium≥135 mmol/L group, Serum sodium<130 mmol/L group presented the higher occurrence rates of 30-day cardiac shock, heart failure (HF) and life-threatening arrhythmia, P<0.001. With adjusted affecting factors of age, diuretic and reperfusion treatments, serum sodium<130 mmol/L was still related to 7-day and 30-day mortality (OR=1.69 and OR=1.57). Both single and multivariable analysis indicated that serum sodium<130 mmol/L was related to cardiac shock (OR=1.75 and OR=1.64), HF (OR=1.42 and OR=1.30) and life-threatening arrhythmia (OR=1.53 and OR=1.34). In all 3 groups, the patients using ACE inhibitor, β-blocker or both medications had reduced 30-day mortality than those without such medication, allP<0.001; the reduction was more obvious in Serum sodium<130 mmol/L group than the other 2 groups,P<0.001. Conclusion: Serum sodium level<130 mmol/L within 24h of admission was the risk factor for the early stage main adverse events as mortality, cardiac shock, HF and life-threatening arrhythmia in acute STEMI patients.

Objective To evaluate the predictive value of admission blood glucose level for the mortality within 30-day and major adverse cardiac events(MACE) rate in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods An observational analysis of 7446 Chinese STEMI patients from a global randomized controlled trials of cases recruited within 12 hours of symptom onset was carried out. According to the levels of admission glucose (hyperglycemia was defined as admission glucose>10 mmol/L) and known diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) ,these patients were divided into four groups, Ⅰ :no DM and normal glucose group (control group) ; Ⅱ : DM but normal glucose group; Ⅲ : no DM and hyperglycemia group; and Ⅳ: DM and hyperglycemia group. Results Admission hyperglycemia was associated with a significantly higher 30-day mortality rate (group Ⅲ 17. 1% vs group I 8.6%, group Ⅳ 18.6% vs group Ⅰ 8. 6%, P<0.001) and also an increased incidence of MACE (group Ⅲ36. 3% vs group Ⅰ 21.6%, group Ⅳ 38. 8% vs group Ⅰ 21.6%, P<0.001). However, DM without admission hyperglycemia did not increase the 30-day mortality (group Ⅱ 11.6% vs group Ⅰ 8. 6%, P = 0.096). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with group Ⅰ patients, group Ⅲ and group Ⅳ had a risk of death of 1.51 fold(OR 1.51,95% CI 1.22-1.87,P<0.001) and 1.83 fold(OR 1.83,95% CI 1.40-2. 39, P<0.001) respectively; hyperglycemia was an independent predictor of 30-day mortality and an increase of 1 mmol/L in glucose level was associated with a 5% increase of mortality risk (OR 1.05,95% CI 1.04-1.07,P<0.001), but DM without hyperglycemia was not so (OR 1.11,95% CI 0. 87-1.42, P =0. 412). Conclusions The rates of 30-day mortality and cardiovascular events are significantly higher in STEMI patients with acute hyperglycemia than in patients without. Hyperglycemia on admission is an independent risk factor for the short-term outcome of STEMI, but diabetes mellitus without hyperglycemia isv not associated with the short-term mortality.

Objective To investigate the relationship between abnormal metabolism of aggrecan and joint destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods 140 RA patients with duration less than 24 months were enrolled into this study.The study also included 100 normal controls and 95 patients with other rheumatic diseases.Three monoclonal antibodies (5D4,7D4 and BC-3) of aggrecan were used to detected aggrecan catabolic fragments in serum of RA patients and the other two groups of controls by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),and the correlation of aggrecan catabolic fragments with joint damage were analyzed.Sharp evaluation of hand joints in RA patients were performed at baseline and after one year follow-up.Calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of aggrecan catabolic fragments detected in serum of RA patients.Results Both levels of 5D4 fragment and BC-3 fragment of RA group were higher than those of normal control [5D4 of RA:(5.8±2.1) ng/μl,normal control:(2.2±1.3) ng/μl;BC-3 of RA:(11.1±3.4) ng/μl,normal control:(5.0±2.1) ng/μl,F=38.65,24.07,P＜0.001).There was no difference in 7D4 fragment among three groups (F=0.589,P=0.478).Both two fragment levels of RA patients with anti-CCP positive were greater than those patients with anti-CCP negative [5D4:(5.6±1.3) ng/μl vs (4.4±1.1) ng/μl,F=21.23,P＜0.01;BC-3:(12.2±3.9) ng/μl vs (9.3±2.8) ng/μ1,F=27.14,P＜0.01].Linear Regression showed that serum fragments detected by 5D4 and BC-3,and anti-CCP positive were risk factors for Sharp deterioration after one year follow-up.The sensitivity and specificity of combined detection of two aggrecan fragments in serum of RA patients for the prediction of joint Sharp were 56.5％ and 84.2％ respectively.Positive predictive value and negative predictive value are 74.3％ and 70.6％.respectively.Application of areas of ROC to identify the best evaluation of Sharp was 0.798.Conclusion There is positive correlation between aggrecan catabolic fragments in serum and joint Sharp evaluation of RA patients.Detection of aggrecan catabolic fragments in RA patients may predict early joint destruction.

OBJECTIVE:To observe the efficacy and safety of mecobalamin combined with folic acid in the treatment of dia-betic peripheral neuropathy(DPN)with hyperhomocysteinemia. METHODS:Data of 40 DPN patients with high hyperhomocystein-emia were enrolled into high Hcy group and 30 DPN patients with normal Hcy were enrolled into normal Hcy group. Normal Hcy group was given diet control,hypoglycemic drugs or insulin for controlling glucose and other conventional treatment to make the fasting plasma glucose was lower than 7.0 mmol/L and 2 h postprandial glucose lower than 11.0 mmol/L;based on it,high Hcy group was given Mecobalamin injection 500 μg by intramuscular injection,once a day+Folic acid tablet 5 mg,once a day. 14 d was a treatment course and it lasted 2 courses. Clinical efficacy,Hcy level,the motor nerve conduction velocity(MNCV)and sen-sory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) of tibial and peroneal nerve and total symptom scale (TSS) score before and after treat-ment in high Hcy group were observed and compared with normal Hcy group,and the incidence of adverse reactions in high Hcy group was recorded. RESULTS:After treatment,the total effective rate in high Hcy group was 75.0%;Hcy and TSS score in high Hcy group were significantly lower than before and higher than normal Hcy group,MNCV and SNCV of tibial and peroneal nerve were significantly higher than before and lower than normal Hcy group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Th incidence of adverse reactions of high Hcy group was 5.0%. CONCLUSIONS:Based on the conventional treatment,Mecobalamin combined with folic acid has good efficacy in the treatmen of DPN with hyperhomocysteinemia,it can significantly reduce plasma Hcy levels and improve nerve conduction velocity in patients with DPN,with good safety.