Objective To investigate the direct economic loss of nosocomial infection at a tertiary hospital, so as to provide data support for the improvement of hospital infection control. Methods Inpatients discharged in 2013-2015 period were divided into two groups at a 1:1 pairing ratio, having those suffering from nosocomial infection in only one occasion as the infection group, and those without as the non-infection group. The two groups were compared of their differences in days of stay and hospitalization expenses. Results The days of stay of the infection group were significantly longer than the non-infection group, averaging 6 days longer in terms of the median. Compared with the non-infection group, the total hospitalization cost and the differences with sub-categories other than the treatment cost were of significance. The costs over the non-infection group were mostly contributed by drugs, accounting for 50. 39%, while 23. 50% of which were spent on antibiotics. The additional antibiotics costs were mainly incurred by respiratory tract infections during hospitalization, as the costs of antimicrobial agents for the infection group were 27. 34 times that of the non-infection group. The second contributor was surgical site infection, with the cost of antibiotics 7. 63 times that of the non-infection group. Conclusions Hospital infections prolong the days of stay, increase direct economic loss, especially increase the cost of antibiotics. Prevention and control of respiratory system and surgical site infection can effectively reduce the direct economic loss of hospital infection.

Objective To understand the current situation and development trend of scientific research in health-care-associated infection (HAI)management in China since 1986,and provide the basis for improving the research ability of HAI management.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted in 170 hospitals of 13 provinces and military systems in China through multi-stage stratified sampling method,surveyed content included publication of papers written by HAI management professionals,publication of HAI-related books,application of scientific re-search projects and awards of scientific research.Results Of 170 hospitals,63 were secondary hospitals,and 107 were tertiary hospitals.During the period of 1986-2015,the professionals of HAI management have published 2 596 papers,2 555 were in Chinese,41 were in English.105 and 2 491 papers were written by professionals in sec-ondary hospitals and tertiary hospitals respectively.The number of published papers written by professionals in ter-tiary hospitals increased significantly after 2011.In 1986 - 2015,a total of 68 books on HAI management were written by investigated hospitals,35 (51.47%)of which were written in 2011 -2015.A total of 217 HAI-related research projects were applied in 1986-2015,213 (98.16%)were applied by tertiary hospitals.Most research pro-jects were applied after 2011,accounting for 57.60%(n= 125).Conclusion Scientific research on HAI manage-ment in China has entered a stage of rapid development,more and more HAI professionals begin to engage in re-search work.

ObjectivesTo explore the impact of high body mass index (BMI) on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in Chinese adolescents.MethodsThe students were randomly selected from middle school and high school. They completed the epidemiological questionnaire of IBS and had their height, body mass measured.ResultsIn total, 1173 students were recruited, including 700 middle school students and 473 high school students. The incidence of overweight/obesity was 30.52%. The incidence of overweight/obesity was not significantly different between boys (28.40%) and girls (32.65%) (P=0.114), and there was not significantly different between students from middle school (30.57%) and high school (30.44%) (P=0.963). Two hundreds and twenty-one students suffered from IBS and the incidence of IBS was 18.84% with no significant gender difference. The incidence of IBS was significantly higher in students from middle school (13.43%) than those from high school (26.85%) (P<0.001). The incidence of IBS was not statistically significant be-tween overweight/obese students (22.07%) and normal weight students (17.42%) (P=0.061). The distribution of IBS subtypes had no statistical significance between overweight/obese and normal weight students (χ2=0.91,P=0.823). ConclusionsOverweight/obesity and IBS were extremely prevalent in Chinese adolescents, but the correlation be-tween them remains to be confirmed.

Objective To further approach the effect of miR-33 to melanoma cells line B16F10 proliferation and apoptosis.Methods Constructing targeted miR-33 over-expression mimics and inhibitor,the same B16F10 cells were divided into five groups,control group,miR-33 mimics group,mimics control group,miR-33 inhibitor group,inhibitor control group,then gene transfer technology was used to transfer corresponding gene into B16F10 cells.The effect of miR-33 on B16F10 cell' s proliferation and apoptosis were analysed.Results The relative miR-33 gene expression of miR-33 mimics group (1773.3±245.83) was higher than that of control group,which had statistical significance (P ＜ 0.01).The gene expression of miR-33 inhibitor group (0.6973±0.1958) was lower than those of control group and inhibitor control group.The cell growth rate of miR-33 mimics group was lower than those of control group and the trend after transfection 48 h (1.1875±0.0502) and 72 h (1.7500±0.0933) was significant (P ＜ 0.05).The cell apoptotic ratio of miR-33 mimics group [(1.8050±0.2050) ％] was higher than that of control group [(1.13000±0.1414) ％] (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with control group the cell proportion ofG1 period in miR-33 mimics group [(62.7000±1.7321) ％]increased,the cell proportion of S period [(23.4000±2.5044) ％] decreased,both of them had statistical significance (both P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion miR-33 over-expression can restrain the proliferation of B16F10 cells line,promote B16F10 cells' apoptosis.

Objective To design a questionnaire on factors that affect diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome for physicians, and determine the retest reliability. Methods The questionnaire was completed after literature review, and 9 experts were invited to revise the questionnaire. Thirty-four physicians filled the questionnaire for pre-test and did it again for re-test 4 weeks later. Kappa value of each question of the questionnaire was calculated. Results Content validity and face validity were assured by experts. Kappa values were over 0.61 in all items, which achieved substantial level. Conclusion The questionnaire designed has fairly good reliability and validity, and can be used in investigation of irritable bowel syndrome for physicians.

Objective Focusing on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of central venous catheter (CVC)-related bloodstream infections(CRBSI) in clinical practice, to provide clinical evidences for reducing the incidence of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections Methods The related articles within the latest 5 years were reviewed, and the related monitoring data of the hospital were analyzed. Results ( 1 )The pathogens of CRBSI invaded bloodstream through the puncture point/hub, and the pathogens of the secondary CRBSI came from the infections in other sites, invading bloodstream and adhering the catheter tip. (2)Highlights on the diagnosis of CRBSI: For the patients with CVC, the possibility of the CRBSI should be considered when severe fever not due to non-infectious causes occurred. Infection occurring time and pathogen are different between the general catheters and the anti-infective catheters. The effect of antiinfection of the anti-infective catheters are limited. To pull out the catheters is the most effective treatment measures. Routine puncture point culture should be rejected. ( 3 ) Prevention of CRBSI: The indications of CVC intubation should be undisputed. Silicone catheter should be used. The catheter should not be indwelled more than 5 days. Conclusions Invasive operation, the lasting time of catheterization and using a lot of antibiotics are the susceptible factors for CRBSI. Hospital should establish suite intervention methods and operation procedures,strengthen education of the medical staff and proceed with targeted monitor for decreasing the rate of infectious.

OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of Utilins on T-lymphocyte subsets in patients with elderly pulmonary tub-erculosis complicating diabetes treated concomitantly with antituberculotic drugs.METHODS:A total of 44 patients with elder-ly pulmonary tuberculosis complicating diabetes were treated with antituberculotics and Utilins by intramuscular injection.The activities of CD3+、CD4+、CD8+ and NK of T-lymphocyte subsets were measured before and after treatment.RESULTS:Utili-ns significantly increased the levels of CD3+ and CD4+(P

Objective To investigate physicians' awareness of diagnostic criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Methods Questionnaire was used to investigate awareness of diagnostic criteria for IBS among 782 physicians in 34 hospitals in Shanghai during August 2008. Results Overall, 82. 7 percent (647/782) of physicians surveyed thought they knew or partly knew diagnostic criteria for IBS. More than 70. 0 percent of physicians knew Rome criteria, but less than 25.0 percent knew other criteria. Awareness of current Rome criteria, whether mental symptoms included in it, and its time frame differed significantly among physicians in varied specialties (P ＜ 0. 01 ). Gastroenterologists had more knowledge about Rome criteria than other specialists, but most physicians, including gastroenterologists, did not fully understand its applicability. Conclusions Although gastroenterologists knew more about diagnostic criteria for IBS, their knowledge still needed to be perfected and updated. Awareness of diagnostic criteria for IBS was poor in nongastroenterological physicians and general practitioners knew it to certain extent.

The medical students, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of medical from 5- year,7-year, 8-year to general of academic, received evidence-based medicine (EBM) education. The students' background and attitudes about EBM were different. Teaching EBM should pay attention to the relationship of EBM and basic courses, especially for deferent students. Teaching EBM should transform from imparting basic knowledge to learning skills on their own initiative.

Objective: It is difficult to repair large-area Ⅲ?burn wound in children.Here we introduce the advantages of the back skin donor site in repairing Ⅲ?burn wound in children.Methods: This clinical study included 15 children with Ⅲ?burn,ranging in age from 18 months to 11 years(mean 7.6 years),with the Ⅲ?burn wound area averaging at 12.6% of the total body surface.The back skin donor site was used to repair the wound.The functional site,such as the joint,was preferentially considered if the skin graft was not enough for all the wounds.Results: Most of the skin grafts survived and the donor sites on the back healed very well.The patients were followed up for six months to three years,which revealed that the skin grafts remained soft without dysfunction and the scar hyperplasia was mild on the donor site.Conclusion: The back donor site supplies larger-area skin with good quality.The donor site heals fast.After healing,patients could sleep on back and compress the scar so as to prevent scar hyperplasia,and the scar does not affect the patient's appearance.With all these advantages,the back donor site is a good choice for repairing Ⅲ?burn wound in children.