For patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction or failure, although parenteral nutrition can maintain nutrition and save their lives, lack of food stimulus during the fasting period can cause abnormal secretion of gastrointestinal fluid, bile, and pancreatic juice, which may result in the abnormal secretion of a series of enzymes and lead to the development of various liver diseases. Recent research has focused on the prevention and treatment of such diseases, and this article reviews the research advances in recent years.

Objective To investigate the expression of Toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2) mRNA,p38 mitogen activated protein kinase(p38 MAPK) mRNA and cytokine in peripheral blood of children with measles and to study the effect and possible mechanism for TLR2-p38 MAPK signal pathway defects on immune suppression in the children with measles during acute phase.Methods Thirty children with measles hospitalized in the department of infectious diseases from June 2012 to July 2013 were enrolled into the measles group,and 30 healthy children were chosen as the healthy control group.The mRNA expressions of TLR and p38 MAPK in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The protein levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ),tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β),interleukin (IL)-12,IL-6 and IL-10 in plasma were measured by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),and flow cytometry (FCM)was applied to detect the percentage of lymphocyte subpopulation.The serum IgG,IgA and IgM levels were detected by velocity scatter turbidimetry.Results (1) The expressions of TLR2 mRNA and p38 MAPK mRNA in the measles group were both significantly lower than those in the healthy control group (all P ＜ 0.05).(2) Compared with the healthy control group,the protein levels of IFN-γ,TNF-β and IL-12 in the plasma of the measles group decreased significantly (all P ＜ 0.05),and the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 increased significantly(all P ＜ 0.05).(3)Compared with the healthy control group,the percentage of CD3 +,CD4 +,CD4 +/CD8 + ratio and the level of IgG and IgA in the measles group decreased significantly(all P ＜ 0.05),and the percentage of CD19 + increased significantly(P ＜ 0.05),but there was no any significant change in the percentage of CD8 + and the level of IgM (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The mRNA expressions of TLR2 and p38 MAPK are low in PBMC in the measles children during acute phase.There are different degrees of suppression of cell immunity,humoral immune and cytokines disorder in children with measles.Defects of TLR2-p38 MAPK signal pathway may cause the formation of measles immune suppression.

Objective To detect the expressions and clinical significance of Nanog and CD44 protein in lung cancer. Methods The expressions of Nanog and CD44 were detected by immunohistochemistry in 50 cases of lung cancer, 32 cases of benign lesion lung tissue and 18 cases of paraneoplastic normal lung tissue. Then their relationships with clinicopathological factors were analyzed. Results The expression of Nanog in lung cancer was significantly higher than those in benign lesion lung tissue and paraneoplastic normal lung tissue (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference of the expression of CD44 among the three groups (P > 0.05). The expressions of Nanog and CD44 in squamous cell carcinomas were higher than those in adenocarcinomas and small cell lung carcinomas (P < 0.05). The expressions of Nanog and CD44 were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05), but were not correlated with age, gender, tumour size, TNM stage and differentiation of lung cancer (P>0.05). The positive correlation was also noted between the expressions of Nanog and CD44 in lung cancer (r = 0.564, P < 0.05). Conclusion Nanog and CD44 proteins may participate in the genesis and progression of lung cancer. Nanog protein is a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for lung cancer.

Objective:To investigate the serum lactate level in patients with rheumatoid arthritis(RA)and its relationship with disease activity,and to analyze the effect of sodium lactate on the activation of CD4+T cells,the ability of secreting cytokines and CD4+T cell subsets in peripheral blood of the RA patients.Methods:The peripheral blood of healthy controls(HC)and RA patients was collected,and the content of lactate in the supernatant was detected by lactate detection kit,the correlation between the content of lactate and the disease score of the RA patients was analyzed;the activation level of CD4+T cells,the proportion of CD4+T cell subsets and the cytokines secreted by CD4+T cells in peripheral blood of all the RA patients were detected by flow cytometry after being stimulated with sodium lactate.Results:The serum lactate level in the RA patients(n=66)was significantly higher than that in the HC(n=60,P＜0.001),and there was a certain correlation with disease activity score in 28 joints(DAS28)-C-reactive protein(CRP)(r=0.273,P=0.029),The levels of rheumatoid factor[RF,197.50(26.03,783.00)IU/mL vs.29.30(0.00,102.60)IU/mL,P＜0.01],CRP[37.40(11.30,72.60)mg/L vs.5.83(2.36,12.45)mg/L,P＜0.001],were increased in patients with the lactate concentration greater than 5 mmol/L were significantly higher than those in patients with the lactate concentration less than or equal 5 mmol/L,however,there was no significant difference in the expres-sion of erythrocyte sedimentation rate[ESR,42.00(19.00,77.00)mm/h vs.25.00(12.50,45.50)mm/h,P＞0.05]and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptied(CCP)antibody[82.35(17.70,137.00)RU/mL vs.68.60(25.95,119.70)RU/mL,P＞0.05].Compared with the control group,the expression of PD-1(46.15％±8.54％vs.41.67％±9.98％,P＜0.001),inducible costimulatory molecule(ICOS,5.77％±8.60％vs.18.65％±7.94％,P＜0.01)and CD25(25.89％±5.80％vs.22.25％±4.59％,P＜0.01)on the surface of CD4+T cells in the RA patients treated with sodium lactate was significantly increased.Compared with the control group,the proportion of Th17(4.62％±1.74％vs.2.93％±1.92％,P＜0.05)and Tph(28.02％±6.28％vs.20.32％±5.82％,P＜0.01)cells in CD4+T cells of the RA patients in the sodium lactate treatment group increased.Compared with the con-trol group,the expression of IL-21(5.73％±1.59％vs.4.75％±1.71％,P＜0.05)inCD4+Tcells was up-regulated in the RA patients treated with sodium lactate.Conclusion:The level of serum lactate in RA patients is increased,which promotes the activation of CD4+T cells and the secretion of IL-21,and up-regulates the proportion of Th 17 and Tph cells in the RA patients.