Objective To investigate antimicrobial use in 33 township central hospitals,and improve the rational use of antimicrobial agents. Methods Thirty-three township central hospitals in 1 1 counties were randomly select-ed,7 920 outpatient prescriptions,medical records of 465 non-surgery patients and 213 surgery patients were inves-tigated and analyzed. Results Of 33 hospitals,antimicrobial usage rate in outpatients and inpatients was 56.60%and 89.68% respectively,combined antimicrobial usage rate was 24.16% and 43.58% respectively. Antimicrobial use density in inpatients was 147.25DDDs. Antimicrobial usage rate in surgery patients was 97.18% ,combined an-timicrobial usage rate was 59.90% ,the percentage of one drug,two-drug combination and three-drug combination was 40.10% ,47.82% ,and 12.08% respectively. The percentage of antimicrobial use in patients of type Ⅰ,Ⅱ, and Ⅲincision was 97.56% (40/41),96.93% (158/163)and 100.00% (9/9)respectively,combined antimicrobial us-age rate was 30.00% ,67.72% ,and 44.44% respectively.Conclusion The overuse of antimicrobial agents exists in 33 township central hospitals,antimicrobial usage rate,combined usage rate,antimicrobial use density and antimi-crobial prophylaxis in typeⅠincision operations are all high.

Objectives To summary and compare the different seroconversion rates after the primary vaccination for the Japanese encephalitis (JE),and to evaluate the serological effect of 3 kinds of JE vaccines.Method Searching "CHKD","Wanfang" database and "EMCC" databases,the studies of the immunogenicity after the primary JEV vaccination,all randomized controlled trials or non-randomized controlled trials were included,and statistical analysis were made by RevMan 4.2.10 software.Results A total of 12 literatures were included,7 studies had control groups.The seroconversion rates after the primary vaccination,JEV-L,JEV-I (Vero) and JEV-I(PHK),were 86% (95% CI:80% ～ 91%),83% (95% CI:72% ～ 94%) and 64% (95% CI:58% ～ 69%) respectively.Comparing the seroconversion rates of the 3 kinds of vaccines after primary immunization,the rate of JEV-I (Vero) was significantly higher than the rate of JEVI(PHK),other comparisons were no significant difference.Conclusion The serological effects of JEV-L and JEV-I (Vero) after the primary vaccination were higher than that of JEV-I (PHK).

Thyptase,a predominant serine protease in mast cells,is released by mast cell degranulation in an enzymatically active form.Recent research suggests that ttyptase plays important roles in mast cell mediated anaphylaxis,angiogenesis,initiation and promotion of neoplasm.This paper reviews tryptase's struture,molecular biology,biochemistry,processing,activation and its relationship with diseases.

AIM: To study the effects of VEGF over-expressed C6 glioma cells on the expression of Flk-1 and Flt-1 in cocultured microvascular endothelial cells using the rat hepatic cells BRL 3A as control. METHODS: Cocultured systems of rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells with C6 and endothelial cells with BRL 3A were established. Immunocytochemical method was used to investigate the expression change of Flk-1 and Flt-1 protein in cocultured microvascular endothelial cells. The expression of Flt-1 and Flk-1 mRNA was analyzed by RT-PCR and Northern blot. RESULTS: The microvascular endothelial cells cocultured with C6 showed increased expression of Flk-1 and Flt-1 protein ( P

AIM: To study the cytological characteristics and gene expression of normal cultured bEnd.3, a mouse brain microvascular endothelial cell strain. METHODS: The morphology of bEnd.3 was studied by light and electronic microscopy, its molecular markers were observed by immunocytochemistry. Cell proliferation kinetics and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry and MTT assay, PGE_2 level was measured by ELISA, and expression of the genes that closely related with vascular endothelial functions was studied by gene micro-array. RESULTS: bEnd.3 had morphological characteristics of microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) growing in a cobblestone pattern, forming tube-like structure or capillary network and having microvilli. Furthermore, bEnd.3 showed positive staining for vW factor and CD34 and secreted high level of PGE_2 (644.55?30.24 ng/L). Gene micro-array analysis showed CD31, CD36, CD105 expression, and other genes closely related to microvascular endothelial functions also expressed at relatively high level. In addition, bEnd.3 responsed sensitively to mitogen such as basic fibroblast growth factor. CONCLUSION: bEnd.3 is a kind of MVEC, and it can be utilized to study the mechanisms of some diseases such as cancers and cardio- cerebral vascular diseases.

Objective To investigate possible neural mechanism of anisometropic amblyopia by analysing the whole brain volume changes both in grey matter and white matter using optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM).Methods Twelve anisometropic amblyopia patients and 12 age,gender and handedness matched healthy volunteers underwent 3-dimensional (3D) fast spoiled gradient echo (FSPGR)sequence scanning on 1.5 Tesla MR system.Raw data was processed and analyzed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM)5.ResultsCompared to healthy controls,the grey matter exhibiting significantly decreased volume in patients included right cuneus,bilateral occipital gyrus,right middle frontal gyrus,left middle temporal gyrus,right superior temporal gyrus,right precuneus,and middle part of right cingulate gyrus ( clusters ＞ 10).The grey matter showing increased volume in patients included right cerebellum,right parahippocampal gyrus,left precentral gyrus,and left superior frontal gyrus (clusters ＞ 10).The white matter volume in bilateral optic radiation and internal capsule,especially right optic radiation,decreased significantly in patient group (clusters ＞ 10 ).No white matter showed significantly increased volume in patient group.ConclusionVBM can be used to investigate the changes of grey matter volume and white matter volume in the whole brain of anisometropic amblyopia children,it provides a method to illustrate the presumed neuro-mechanism from a morphologic point of view.

Objective To analyze the resting-state functional connectivity of the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus in normal subjects with functional MRI and to investigate its preliminary application in post-stroke aphasia.Methods Eleven male patients with post-stroke aphasia and 11 male normal subjects were recruited in this study.Resting-state fMRI data were obtained with GE 1.5 T Twin speed MR Scanner.The fMRI data were processed with SPM2, AFNI and Matlab programs.Based on the results of previous fMRI study with category member generation task , the region of interest ( ROI ) was created in the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus The time course correlations between the ROI and other voxels within whole brain were analyzed.Intra-and inter-group analysis was performed with single sample t-test and two sample t-test.Results Brain regions showed positive resting-state functional connectivity with the ROI in normal subjects including left inferior/middle frontal gyrus , left premotor cortex , left precuneus , left insula , left putamen, right inferior frontal gyrus, right cerebellum and bilateral inferior parietal lobules (voxels 33-809, t=5.80-23.55,P<0.005,uncorrected).Brain regions functionally connected with the ROI in patients with post-stroke aphasia included left inferior/middle frontal gyrus , left premotor cortex , left precuneus , left inferior parietal lobules and right inferior frontal gyrus ( voxels 34-833, t =5.08-20.34, P<0.005, uncorrected ).The left fusiform gyrus was the only region showed significantly decreased functional connectivity with the ROI in the patients group (voxels 84,t=6.25,P<0.005, uncorrected).Conclusions The neural network related to language output exists in normal subjects at the resting-state.Resting-state functional connectivity can be used to investigate the neural mechanism of development and restoration of post-stroke aphasia.

Aim To explore the protective effects of in-terleukin-17 ( IL-17 ) monoclonal antibody ( mAb ) on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis rats and the re-lated mechanisms. Methods Seventy-five male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, sham operation group, model group, non-specific IgG group and IL-17 mAb group. Each group included fif-teen rats. Rats in the latter three groups were intratra-cheally administered with bleomycin A5 to establish pulmonary fibrosis model, whereas the ones in sham operation group were treated with the same volume of physiological saline. On day 7, 14 and 21, rats in non-specific IgG group and IL-17 mAb group were in-jected with non-specific IgG and IL-17 mAb, respec-tively,through the caudal vein. However,the ones in the other groups were administered with the same volume of physiological saline. All rats were sacrificed on day 28. Pulmonary tissues were then removed, and HE and Masson staining was performed. The contents of IL-17, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α) in pulmo-nary tissues were measured by enzyme linked immu-nosorbent assay ( ELISA ) . Western blot was used to analyze the pulmonary tissues protein expression of nu-clear factor-κB ( NF-κB) p65 in the nucleus as well as collagen type I ( Col Ⅰ) and collagen type III ( ColⅢ) in the whole cells. The levels of Col Ⅰ and ColⅢ in the pulmonary tissues were detected by fluores-cence real-time quantitative PCR. Serum was separa-ted, and the concentrations of procollagen type 1 carboxyterminal propeptide ( PICP ) and procollagen type III aminoterminal propeptide ( PIIINP ) in serum were then measured by ELISA. Results The severity of alveolitis and pulmonary fibrosis was lower in IL-17 mAb group than that in model group and non-specific IgG group ( P <0. 01 ) . In comparison with normal control group and sham operation group, pulmonary tissues IL-17, IL-6 and TNF-α contents, NF-κB p65 protein expression in the nucleus, Col Ⅰ and Col ⅢmRNA and protein levels, and serum PICP and PIIINP concentrations were significantly increased in model group and non-specific IgG group ( P<0. 01 ) . Follow-ing treatment with IL-17 mAb, the above indicators were significantly decreased as compared to model group and non-specific IgG group ( P<0. 01 ) . How-ever, there was no significant difference in these indi-cators between non-specific IgG group and model group ( P >0. 05 ) . Similar results were also seen between sham operation group and normal control group ( P >0. 05 ) . Conclusion IL-17 mAb protects rats from pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting inflammatory response via downregulating NF-κB expression and decreasing collagen synthesis in the pulmonary tissues.

AIM: To isolate, purify and differentiate endothelial progenitor cells from cord blood in vitro and to study their biological characteristics. METHODS: CD133~+ cells were selected from fresh cord blood mononuclear cells (MNC) by magnetic activated cell-sorting system (MACS). EPC was studied by flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. Isolated cells were cultured in IMDM medium supplemented with or without VEGF, bFGF, SCF. RESULTS: The percentage of CD133~+ cells of cord blood MNC was (1.41?1.14)%, and purity was 75%-85% (FACS method). CD133~+ cells were grown on fibronectin-coated chamber slides in the presence of VEGF, bFGF, SCF. Within 1-2 hours of culture cells became adherent. On day 7-10, the adherent cells displayed a typical "cobblestone" morphology. After 14 days of culture, the adherent cells revealed a heterogeneous cell population, comprising small-sized round cells, spindle-like cells and formed tube-like structure. Weibel-Palade bodies were shown on the transmission electron microscopy photomicrographs. Compared with the (original,) cell markers CD133 and CD34 decreased significantly (77.0%?3.3% to 1.6%?2.2% and 93.1%?4.7% to 37.4%?4.9%, P

There is a high incidence of adult chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),which induces high rate of disability,and heavy financial burden in China.As the core of comprehensive treatments of COPD,lung rehabilitation can improve the quality of life and reduce the cost of treatment.This article introduces not only the definition of COPD lung rehabilitation and its recent states and progress,but also the related indications of different lung rehabilitation techniques with the formulations and resolutions of rehabilitation programs.