AIM: To explore the change of the amount of GLUT4 protein at the plasma membrane of the rat skeletal muscle after high-fat feeding. METHODS: The animals were divided into three groups (ten for each): group I: control; group II: high-fat feeding; group III: high-fat feeding + dietary treatment. The rat model of insulin resistance (IR) was made by feeding high-fat diet for eight weeks. And then insulin-resistant rats were fed with chow diet for 4 weeks. Fasting plasma glucose and fasting serum insulin levels were measured before and after dietary treatment, respectively. Insulin treatment was achieved by intraperitoneal injection of insulin (10 unit insulin per kg body weight) 15 minutes before killing the animals. The right hindlimb skeletal muscle was rapidly dissected. Then the expression of GLUT4 protein at the plasma membrane in all the animals was assessed with Western bloting. RESULTS: The GLUT4 content at the plasma membrane in high-fat-fed rat skeletal muscle was significantly lower (about 31%) than that in controls (P

AIM: To investigate the effects of puerarin on expression and translocation of glucose transporter 4(GLUT4) in adipocyte of rats with insulin resistance induced by diets. METHODS: Experimental rats were divided into three groups: control group (n=10), model group (n=10) and puerarin group (n=10) randomly. Animals in model group and puerarin group were fed with the diets enriched with sucrose (20%, w/w), lard (10%, w/w), cholesterol( 2.5%, w/w) and cholic acid (1%, w/w) to induce insulin resistance. Puerarin group were treated with puerarin (100 mg?kg -1 body weight, ip) every day for 6 weeks. After the plasma membranes and the intracellular membranes of adipocyte were prepared and separated, GLUT4 protein was detected by Western blot analysis. Body weight, serum triglyceride and cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin concentration were detected termly. And the insulin sensitivity index was also calculated. RESULTS: Western blot analysis showed that intracellular membranes GLUT4 protein in adipocyte of model group rats decreased by 38.72% (P

Objective To study the effect of different types of dyslipidemia on heart rate variability in patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods Cohort study was carried out at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University during January 2014 to May 2016.Total 725 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited,including 231 patients without dyslipidemia and 494 patients with dyslipidemia.Clinical parameters were collected from electronic medical records system.Using variance analysis,chi square test,Pearson correlation analysis and partial correlation analysis,we explored an association of different types of dyslipidemia and heart rate variability in patients with type 2 diabetes.Results TG,LDL-C,HDL-C,TG + HDL-C group significantly decreased heart rate variability compared group without dyslipidemia (P ＜ 0.05).But the partial correlation analysis showed that only atherogenic index of plasma and Triglyceride (TG) were negatively correlated with heart rate variability,HDL cholesterol was positively correlated with heart rate variability,and the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Triglyceride (TG),atherogenic index of plasma(AIP),HDL cholesterol were related to the reduction heart rate variability in patents with type 2 diabetes.

Objective To investigate effects of rosiglitazone on glucose transport-4(GLUT4) protein translocation in skeletal muscle of insulin resistance rats. Methods 38 male sprague dawley rats were randomized to received high fat or standard chow diet for 8 weeks, feeding high-fat diet to induce insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of rats. 25 high-fat-fed rats were randomly treated with rosiglitazone(1mg/kg), standard chow diet, or placebo(high-fat diet) for 4 weeks. Plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin, weight and viscero-fat in all rats were measured. The GLUT4 level in the cell membrane of isolated rats skeletal muscle was detected by western blotting analysis. Results Insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane in skeletal muscles of high fat-fed rats was significantly lower than that of standard chow-fed rats(52 72%,P

Objective To compare the efficacy of empagliflozin and DDP4 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods With Computer,we retrieval PubMed,Cochrane Library,EMbase,CNKI,CBM and Wanfang database to find all of the randomized controlled trials about the effectiveness and safety of empagliflozin and DDP4 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.The retrieval time was from the establishment of database to March,2016.References screen were performed manually.Meta-analysis was carried out using RevMan 5.2 software.Results A total of five studies included 1935 cases.The Meta analysis results showed that:HbA1c level (MD =-0.07,95％ CI:-0.13--0.01,P ＜0.05),fasting blood glucose (MD =-16.73,95％ CI:-21.02--12.43,P ＜ 0.01),weight loss level (MD =-2.43 95％ CI:-2.68--2.19,P ＜ 0.01) in the two groups showed statistically significant differences.Empagliflozin group was better than DDP4 inhibitors group in reducing HbA1c level,fasting blood glucose,weight loss level.Safety:hypoglycemia between the two groups were similar (OR =0.86,95％ CI:0.46-1.6,P ＞ 0.05).Empagliflozin group's genital tract infection rate was statistically significant higher than that of DDP4 inhibitors.(OR =2.85,95％ CI:1.71-4.76,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Empagliflozin can effectively reduce the fasting blood glucose,HbAIc,and body weight,but increase the incidence of genital infection compare with DDP4 inhibitors.

Objective To explore the impacts of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) on chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Totally 448 patients with type 2 diabetes were divided into diabetes plus SCH group (n=148) and control group (T2DM without SCH,n=300).The patient's general information,past medical history,chronic complications of diabetes including diabetic nephropathy ( DN ), diabetic retinopathy ( DR), diabetic peripheral neuropathy ( DPN ),peripheral arterial disease (PAD),diabetic foot (DF),ancillary and laboratory test results were analyzed. Results The age,duration of diabetes,incidence of coronary heart disease and levels of fasting C-peptide,total cholesterol,triacylglycerol,lipoprotein (a),hs-CRP,LDL-C,UAER and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) [(6.8 ± 3.5) mIU/L vs. (2.1 ± 1.3) mlU/L], antithyroidperoxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) [(253.6 ± 287.1 ) kU/L vs. (46.2 ± 80.7)] kU/L and thyroglobulin antibodies (TG-Ab) [( 57.8 ± 83.5 ) kU/L vs. ( 39.4 ± 45.3 ) kU/L] were significantly higher,but the ankle brachial index(ABI) and E/A value were lower in diabetes plus SCH group than in control group (P＜0.01 or 0.05).The prevalences of DN( 63％ vs.46％,P＜0.01),DR (40％vs.29％,P＜0.05),DPN (34％ vs.24％,P＜0.05),PAD (51％ vs.38％,P＜0.05) and DF (22％ vs.12％,P＜0.01) were higher in diabetes plus SCH group than in control group.Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that high level of TSH was independent risk factor for DN(β=0.1273,OR =1.1361) and DF (β=0.1153, OR =1.1222). Conclusions Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for diabetic nephropathy and diabetic foot,so the elderly with longer duration of diabetes should regularly be checked in thyroid ffunction to early find hypothyroidism.

Objective To observe the effects of exercise training on the expression of glycogen synthase ki-nase-3 (GSK-3) in the skeletal muscles of rats with insulin resistance induced by a high-fat and high sucrose diet. Methods Thirty Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, a model group and an exercise group. Rats in the model and exercise groups were fed with a high-fat and sucrose diet (20% sucrose, 10% lard, 2.5% cholesterol, 1% cholic acid) for 4 weeks, and then the rats in the exercise group were trained by swimming 5 d every week for 6 weeks. After treatment, the concentration of GSK-3 protein in their muscles was detected by Western blot analysis, while their weights, serum triglyceride and total cholesterol, and their concentrations of fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin were measured periodically and their insulin sensitivity index was calculated. Results Compared with the controls, the expression of GSK-3 in the skeletal muscles of the rats in the model group increased by 70. 20% (P

AIM: To develop a rat model of insulin resistance and observe the effect of puerarin injection on expression of GSK-3 in insulin resistance rats.METHEDS: 30 Wistar rats were divided into three groups randomly: control group,model group and puerarin group.The model group and puerarin group were given high fat diet(20% surcose,10% ard,(2.5)% chlesterol,1% cholic acid) for 4 weeks.Then the puerarin group was given abdominal injection puerarin 100(mg?kg~(-1)?d~(-1)) for six weeks.At the end of this experiment,we detect GSK-3 protein by western-blot analysis.Then computer image pattern analysis system was used to analyze the expression of GSK-3 in the hepatacyte.RESULTS: Tthe model group showed a hyperglycemia,hyperinsulinism,the ISI decreased and HOMA-IR increased.GSK-3 expression enhanced in the model group,but the expression of GSK-3 in puerarin group decreased compared to the model group.CONCLUSION: Puerarin injection can significantly decreased the expression of GSK-3 and improve insulin resistance.

AIMTo develop a rat model of insulin resistanc e,and to study the effect of puerarin injection on expression of protein kinase B in insulin resistanc e rats. METHODS30 SD rats were randomly divded into two groups. The model group were given the high fat diets(0 30 pig fat, 0 10 sucrose, 0 0 3 cholesterol) for 8 weeks. Then 9 rats of the group had been choosen as the pu erarin treatment group and were given abdominal injection (100 mg?kg -1 ?d -1 ) for 4 weeks. By the end of the experiment, Western blot and computer i mage pattern analyze system were used to analysis expression of PKB in skeletal muscles. RESULTS(1) The model group showed a hyperglycemia, hype rinsulinism and obviously visceral obesity by high fat-feeding, the insulin res istance index (ISI) decreased while the HOMA insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) increased compared to the normal group, insulin resistance was induced in this way; (2) Compared with the pathology control group:fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), visceral fat mass and the HOMA insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) of the treating group were significantly decreased whereas the insuli n index (ISI) enhanced. Expression of PKB was markedly increased by puerarin tre atment. CONCLUSIONPuerarin injection can significantly elevate e xepression of PKB and ameliorate the state of insulin resistance. Improved biolo gic effect of insulin and prevention of the deleterious effect of fat may be in volved in the mechanism concerned.

Objective: To study the effect of low fat diet on expression of protein kinase B (PKB) in adipose tissue of rats with insulin resistance. Method: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group ( C, n=10),given low fat diet; model group (M, n=20), given high fat diet. After 4 w, group M was randomly divided into 2 subgroups accepting diet intervention of 6 w.(1)High fat group (HF) was continually given high fat diet;(2)Low fat group (LF) accepted low fat diet. The expression of PKB stimulated by insulin in adipose tissue was determined with Western blotting at the end of the experiment. Results: (1) Group M showed hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinism, hypertriglyceride, hypercholesterolemia and elevated HOMA insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) while the insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was obviously reduced compared to group C, indicating that the insulin resistant model was induced ; (2) Low fat diet treatment decreased FBG,TG,TC,which were accompanied by lower HOMA-IR and elevated ISI; (3) Because of long term high fat diet, expression of PKB in adipose tissue of group HF decreased by 23.5% (P