The attempt of vitrectomy is to remove the lesion of vitreous body and relieve vitreous traction to retina.Whether the vitrectomy is successful or not depend on if exist a close adhesion between vitreous body and retina or a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).The drug assisted vitrectomy is a new technique.These drugs can help surgeon to form PVD during surgery safely and effectively.The drug is utilized prior to vitreoretinal operation to promote the colliquate of vitreous body or dissolve of fibroplasia membrane of the vitreous body in order to release the traction between the posterior cortex of vitreous body and the inner limiting membrane of retina.The research advance in relevant drugs is reviewed in this article.

Objective To explore the risk factors of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (LEDVT) of neurosurgical patients, and to provide references for identifying the most susceptible population and taking preventive measures. Methods A total of 68 cases of neurosurgical patients with LEDVT in three general hospitals from August 2010 to August 2013 were collected. The design method of one to one matching case-control study was used controlling age, sex and neurosurgical disease. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the probable risk factors among two groups. Results The univariate analysis showed that coma, paralysis and limb immobilization, infection, trauma and fracture, lower limbs central venous catheterization, trachea cannula or tracheotomy, mechanical ventilation, surgical operation, dehydration and blood transfusion were significantly related to the incidence of LEDVT ( Χ2=4.50-33.23, P<0.05 or 0.01). The Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that coma (OR=9.410, 95%CI 1.689-52.423), paralysis and limb immobilization (OR=4.950, 95%CI 1.432-17.105), infection (OR=2.927, 95%CI 1.162-7.373) and lower limbs central venous catheterization (OR=6.072, 95%CI 2.187-16.858) were independent risk factors for the development of LEDVT. Conclusions We should pay attention to patients with high risk factors of LEDVT and take preventive measures early to avert the formation of LEDVT.

Objective:To determine the correlation of BCG concentration in Freund complete adjuvant ( FCA) and severity of arthritis during arthritis establishment in DBA 1/j male mice induced by bovine type Ⅱcollagen.Methods:CIA was induced by the im-munization of DBA1/j mice with bovine type Ⅱcollagen and BCG of various concentrations dissolved in FCA.To ascertain the effects administering the collagen booster,CIA-related features(including body weight,clinical scoring of arthritis),TNF-αin serum and the histopathological changes in the spleen and the joints regions were measured.Results:4 mg/ml BCG induced more serious arthritis than 1 mg/ml in DBA1/j mice after collagen exposure.Conclusion:There is a positive correlation of arthritis severity with BCG.Which indicates that selection of adjuvant with suitable BCG concentration could determine pathological outcome in CIA mouse model .

Objective To observe the expression and mechanism of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and p53 protein at the altitude of 5000 meter plateau hypoxia environment in rats,as well as the effect of Astragalus injection.Methods Sixty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into the Astragalus injection intervention group and normal saline control group,30 rats in each group.Astragalus injection group rats were intraperitoneal injected of Astragalus injection (15 ml/kg) before 30 minutes into the plateau environment simulation cabin,normal saline group rats were intraperitoneal injected with the same volume of saline.30 minutes after injection,rats in each group were reared in the plateau experiment cabin which simulated altitude of 5000 m (oxygen partial pressure 11.3 kPa) for 2,6,8,12,24 hours,each time period of 6 rats.When get out,the rats were executed immediately and eyes were harvested.Retinal sections were studied by hematoxylin eosin stain,and immunohistochemical method for HIF-1α and p53 expression.Results For control rats,after 2 hours in the cabin,there was edema in retinal layers.HIF-1α and p53 were expressed mainly in the cytoplasm of retinal layers.When the periods in cabin extended,there was atrophy of retinal nerve fiber layer,swelling and degeneration of ganglion cells.The expression of HIF-1α and p53 was increased.Compared with the control group,the intervention group rat had similar but less severe retinal changes,and the expression of HIF-1α and p53 was significantly decreased (P ＜0.05).Conclusion Astragalus injection can reduce pathological retinal damage in rats at high altitude environment,and its mechanism may be associated with reduced HIF-1α,p53 expression.

Objective:To study the inhibitory effect of clarithromycin on angiogenesis induced by b-FGF. Methods:TheMatrigel implant assay was used. Matrigel (500?l) containing b-FGF and heparin were injected subcutaneously into the ab-domen of mice and were harvested 5 d later. The amount of hemoglobin and micro-vascular area present in the implant weremeasured and cotnpared. The mice were given either CAM (study group) or the same volume of glucose (vehicle group) oncea day by gastric intubation. Treatmen started 3 d before Matrigel implant and continued until the end of study. Results:Clar-ithromycin reduced hemoglobin content and micro-vascular area in Matrigel implant at high dosage(≥40 mg/(kg?d). Con-clusion:These data demonstrate that clarithromycin is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and may has possible therapeutic value in controlling pathologic angiogenesis.

Objective:To observe anti-DR5 monoclonal antibody on apoptosis and CDC effect in EC109 cells.Methods:The anti-DR5 monoclonal antibody was prepared by hybridoma technique.Tumoricidal effects and complement-dependent cytotoxicity of the McAb to EC109 cells was screened by MTT assay.The apoptosis of EC109 cells was detected by flow cytometry with annexin Ⅴ-FITC/PI staining.Morphological change of EC109 was observed by microphotograph.Results:An anti-DR5 monoclonal antibody was obtained.It induced apoptosis of EC109 dose dependently.The cytotoxic action was notably enhanced by addition of complement.The cells growth inhibition ratios reached 83.04%.The apoptotic body and cathepsis were seen in microphotograph.Conclusion:The anti-DR5 monoclonal antibody could induce EC109 cells apoptosis and cause the complement dependent cytotoxic (CDC) effects powerfully.

Background The simplex congenital blepharoptosis is the common blepharon motor dysfunction disease.Some researches have shown that congenital blepharoptosis is related to the hypoplasia of levator.Objective This study was to investigate the thickness and pathological features of levator palpebrae superioris aponeurosis in congenital blepharoptosis patients.Methods A prospective cohort study was carried out in Anyang Eye Hospital from March 2012 to April 2014.Eighty-five eyes of 56 patients with congenital blepharoptosis were divided into mild (15 eyes), moderate (25 eyes) and severe blepharoptosis (19 eyes) groups, and the fellow eyes of monocular blepharoptosis was used as fellow eye group (26 eyes).Twenty-six eyes of 13 normal subjects were recruited for the normal control group.The thickness of levator aponeurosis was measured by ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM) , and the shifting range of levator aponeurosis was detected by using measuring scale.Levator aponeurosis specimens were collected during the levator palpebrae superioris shortening surgery for the pathological examination.The study was approved by the medical ethics committee of Anyang Eye Hospital, and the patients or their guardian signed the informed consent.Results The thickness of levator aponeurosis was (0.331±0.018), (0.373±0.026), (0.539± 0.023) , (0.557 ± 0.024) and (0.547 ± 0.028) mm in the severe blepharoptosis group, moderate blepharoptosis group,mild blepharoptosis group, normal control group and fellow eye group, respectively, showing a significant difference among them (F =1.681, P =0.043).The thickness values of levator aponeurosis were considerably lower in the severe blepharoptosis group and moderate blepharoptosis group than those in the mild blepharoptosis group,fellow eye group and normal control group (all at P＜0.05) , and the thickness value of levator aponeurosis was significantly reduced in the severe blepharoptosis group compared with the moderate blepharoptosis group (P＜0.05).Pathological examination showed arranging disorder of muscle fibers,hyaline-like degeneration, connective tissue hyperplasia and interruption of endomysium.The number of eyes with severe hyaline-like degeneration and connective tissue hyperplasia was significantly increased in the severe blepharoptosis group than that in the moderate blepharoptosis group or the mild blepharoptosis group, as well as in the moderate blepharoptosis group than that in the mild blepharoptosis group(all at P＜0.01).The adipose cells in muscle in the mild blepharoptosis group, moderate blepharoptosis group and severe blepharoptosis group were (12.35±4.62), (17.58±7.46) and (26.19±10.81)/field,and adipose cells in the severe blepharoptosis group were significantly more than those in the mild and moderate blepharoptosis groups (t =5.60, P =0.00;t =2.71, P =0.01).A significant increase in the adipose cells also was seen in the moderate blepharoptosis group compared with the mild blepharoptosis group (t =2.44, P =0.02).Conclusions UBM can offer accurate thickness data of levator aponeurosis.The combination of thickness data and shifting range measurement of levator aponeurosis is helpful for the evaluation of muscle strength.The development of levator aponeurosis appears to be abnormal in congenital blepharoptosis patients.The histopathological change parallels to the severity of the disease.

Objective:To investigate mitochondrial-dependent molecular mechanisms of a novel agonistic anti-human death receptor 5 (DR5) monoclonal antibody(mDRA-6) inducing apoptosis in Jurkat cell.Methods:The dose-dependent and time-dependent cell growth suppression of mDRA-6 in Jurkat cells was determined by MTT assay.The measurement of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential(ΔΨm) of Jurkat cells was detected by flow cytometry with JC-1 single staining.Caspase-8,9 as well as Bid,Bax,Bcl-2 and Cyto c of apoptotic Jurkat cells were analyzed by Western blot after mDRA-6 treatment.Results:The mDRA-6 induced cell growth suppression and cytotoxicity in dose-dependent manner and time-dependent manner.After mDRA-6 treatment at 2.0 μg/ml for15 min,30 min,60 min and 120 min,the change in ΔΨm were 20.14 %,19.34 %,21.11% and 30.90% respectively by JC-1 single staining.Western blot revealed that the level of active fragments of Caspase-8,9 and Bid,Bax,Bcl-2 and Cyto c respectively,and the amount of Cyto c was increased in cytosol concomitant with the related attenuation of Cyto c in mitochondria.Conclusion: Apoptotic pathway of Jurkat cells induced by mDRA-6 is initiated upon DR5 ligatian to mDRA-6 and exogenic Caspase-dependent cell apoptotic cascades is activated,and endogenic mitochondrial-dependent cell apoptosis pathway is activated.mDRA-6 may be a useful agent in investigating human leukemia therapy by using TRAIL/DR5.

Objective To explore the effect of TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) in apoptosis induced by LPS. Methods After LPS injected mice blocking TRAIL with soluble death receptor 5 (sDRS), detecting ALT, AST and LDH of mice serum at different times, apoptotic effects of LPS to mice hepatocyte were detected by HE and flow eytometry (FCM) with Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. The expres-sion of DR5 in mice hepatocyte was assayed with immunohistochemistry and FCM. Results Apoptotic effect was promoted by up-regulated DR5 expression on hepatocyte. Blocking TRAIL with sDR5 markedly amelio-rated the hepatocyte damage and reduced apoptosis. Conclusion These results establish a critical role for TRAIL in apoptosis during disease process of LPS.

Objective To investigate the expression of TIPE2 in splenic lymphocytes derived from the mouse model of cattle collagen Ⅱ-induced rheumatoid arthritis (CIA) and from peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for its role in the pathogenesis of RA.Methods The CIA mouse model was established by immunization of DBA-1/J mice with cattle collagen Ⅱ.Peripheral blood lymphocytes were collected from RA patients and healthy donors.The TIPE2 mRNA and protein expression in splenocytes of CIA and control mice were measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot,respectively.In addition,fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot were used to determine the TIPE2 mRNA and protein expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes derived from patients with RA and healthy donors.Results Both mRNA and protein expression of TIPE2 were higher in splenocytes of CIA mice and lymphocytes of peripheral blood from RA patients compared with corresponding controls.Furthermore,the mRNA and protein expression of TIPE2 increased significantly in patients with active RA.TIPE2 expression were positively correlated with DAS28 scores (P＜0.001).Conclusion Our results suggest that TIPE2 plays a role in the RA pathogenesis.The level of TIPE2 may also indicate the severity of rheumatoid arthritis.