Objective: To investigate the environmental contamination of norovirus in nurseries and primary/secondary schools, so as to provide a scientific basis for effective prevention and control measures. Methods: A total of 483 external environmental samples were collected from 34 cluster outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis in kindergartens and primary/secondary schools in Linhai City from 2021 to 2024. Pathogen detection was conducted using a rapid nucleic acid extraction kit and realtime fluorescence RT-PCR, and the results were analyzed using the χ2 test or Fishers exact test. Results: Among the collected external environmental samples, the total positive rate of surface contamination was 13.66%. The positive rates in kindergartens and primary/secondary schools were 12.20% and 15.82%, respectively. In kindergartens, the five surfaces with the highest detection rates were desks/chairs (23.33%), toilet stool troughs (20.69%), urinal troughs (12.00%), washbasins/sinks (11.11%), and toilet mops (9.38%). In primary/secondary schools, the top five were toilet stool troughs (38.30%), urinal troughs (23.53%), toilet door handles (13.04%), toilet mops (12.50%), and drinking cups (11.11%). The difference in positive detection rates among different external environments in primary/secondary schools was statistically significant (Fishers exact probability test, P<0.01). The positive detection rate in sanitary toilets was higher than that in classroom environments (χ2=17.38), while the positive detection rate in classroom environments of kindergartens was higher than that in primary/secondary schools (χ2=5.42)(P<0.05). Conclusions Norovirus exhibits a high contamination rate in nurseries and schools, particularly in restroom areas. Strengthening sanitation and disinfection in highrisk environments, and improving hygiene awareness among children and staff, are essential for the effective prevent and control of norovirus.

Two pediatric heart failure patients were treated with pulmonary artery banding(PAB)at Fuwai Hospital,from December 2021 to January 2022.In the first case,an 8-month-old patient presented with left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy(LVNC),left ventricular systolic dysfunction,ventricular septal defect,and atrial septal defect.The second case was a 4-month-old patient with LVNC,left ventricular systolic dysfunction,and coarctation of the aorta.After PAB,the left ventricular function and shape of both patients were significantly improved,without serious surgery-related complications.In these individual cases of pediatric heart failure,pulmonary artery banding exhibited a more satisfactory efficacy and safety compared to pharmacological treatment,especially for those with unsatisfactory medication results.Future clinical data are needed to promote the rational and broader application of this therapeutic option for indicated patients.

Objective:To explore the influencing factors of coagulation disorders caused by cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.Methods:The medical records of adult patients with chronic renal insufficiency, who were hospitalized and treated with cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium in the Department of Nephrology of the Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People′s Hospital from January 2021 to December 2022, were collected. Patients who developed coagulation disorders related to cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium were imputed as having an end-point event, and the occurrence of end-point events in these patients was analyzed descriptively. According to whether an end-point event occurred, patients were divided into end-point event group and non-end point event group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed on the risk of end-point events.Results:A total of 121 patients with renal insufficiency were included in the analysis, including 76 males (62.8%) and 45 females (37.2%), aged (66±13) years. Among 121 patients, 39 (32.2%) had end-point events, and 6 (5.0%) had clinical bleeding. The results of univariate analysis showed that the differences in age, renal replacement therapy, and daily and total doses of cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium of patients between 2 groups were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using the occurrence of end-point events as dependent variables, and age, renal replacement therapy, and daily and total doses of cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium as independent variables. The results showed that only older age was an independent risk factor for the occurrence of end-point events (odds ratio=1.044, 95% confidence interval: 1.004-1.086, P=0.029). Conclusions:Patients with renal insufficiency have a higher risk of coagulation disorders in treatment with cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium, and older age is an independent risk factor. Cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium should be used cautiously in elder patients, and coagulation function monitoring should be strengthened in clinical use.

Objective:To explore the influencing factors of coagulation disorders caused by cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.Methods:The medical records of adult patients with chronic renal insufficiency, who were hospitalized and treated with cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium in the Department of Nephrology of the Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People′s Hospital from January 2021 to December 2022, were collected. Patients who developed coagulation disorders related to cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium were imputed as having an end-point event, and the occurrence of end-point events in these patients was analyzed descriptively. According to whether an end-point event occurred, patients were divided into end-point event group and non-end point event group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed on the risk of end-point events.Results:A total of 121 patients with renal insufficiency were included in the analysis, including 76 males (62.8%) and 45 females (37.2%), aged (66±13) years. Among 121 patients, 39 (32.2%) had end-point events, and 6 (5.0%) had clinical bleeding. The results of univariate analysis showed that the differences in age, renal replacement therapy, and daily and total doses of cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium of patients between 2 groups were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using the occurrence of end-point events as dependent variables, and age, renal replacement therapy, and daily and total doses of cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium as independent variables. The results showed that only older age was an independent risk factor for the occurrence of end-point events (odds ratio=1.044, 95% confidence interval: 1.004-1.086, P=0.029). Conclusions:Patients with renal insufficiency have a higher risk of coagulation disorders in treatment with cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium, and older age is an independent risk factor. Cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium should be used cautiously in elder patients, and coagulation function monitoring should be strengthened in clinical use.

Objective:To investigate the incidence and risk factors of renal injury in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients with poor immune reconstitution.Methods:The HIV infection/AIDS patients with poor immune reconstitution who were visited Second Department of Infection of Hangzhou Xixi Hospital from January to December 2021 were enrolled. The clinical data and laboratory examinations of the patients were collected, and the relevant risk factors were analyzed by logistic regression.Results:Among 303 HIV infection/AIDS patients with poor immune reconstitution, 59(19.5%) patients had renal injury. Logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension (odds ratio ( OR)=0.200, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.065 to 0.618, P=0.005), taking tenofovir ( OR=0.275, 95% CI 0.130 to 0.580, P=0.001), hypoproteinemia ( OR=1.045, 95% CI 1.006 to 1.086, P=0.022), and low CD4 + T lymphocytes level ( OR=1.009, 95% CI 1.003 to 1.014, P=0.001) were risk factors for renal injury. Conclusions:The incidence of renal injury in HIV infection/AIDS patients with poor immune reconstitution is high. Hypertension, taking tenofovir, hypoproteinemia, and low CD4 + T lymphocytes level are risk factors for renal injury in patients.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting both upper and lower motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. One important aspect of ALS pathogenesis is superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutant-mediated mitochondrial toxicity, leading to apoptosis in neurons. This study aimed to evaluate the neural protective synergistic effects of ginsenosides Rg1 (G-Rg1) and conditioned medium (CM) on a mutational SOD1 cell model, and to explore the underlying mechanisms. We found that the contents of nerve growth factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor significantly increased in CM after human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) were exposed to neuron differentiation reagents for seven days. CM or G-Rg1 decreased the apoptotic rate of SOD1^G93A-NSC34 cells to a certain extent, but their combination brought about the least apoptosis, compared with CM or G-Rg1 alone. Further research showed that the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was upregulated in all the treatment groups. Proteins associated with mitochondrial apoptotic pathways, such as Bax, caspase 9 (Cas-9), and cytochrome c (Cyt c), were downregulated. Furthermore, CM or G-Rg1 also inhibited the activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway by reducing the phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα. CM/G-Rg1 or their combination also reduced the apoptotic rate induced by betulinic acid (BetA), an agonist of the NF-κB signaling pathway. In summary, the combination of CM and G-Rg1 effectively reduced the apoptosis of SOD1^G93A-NSC34 cells through suppressing the NF-κB/Bcl-2 signaling pathway (Fig. 1 is a graphical representation of the abstract).
Humans ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Ginsenosides/pharmacology* ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics* ; Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology* ; Superoxide Dismutase-1 ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neurons/metabolism* ; Apoptosis

【Objective】 To investigate the effects of one-stage additional posterior pedicle screws （PPS） internal fixation on early Cage subsidence after oblique lateral interbody fusion （OLIF）. 【Methods】 We made a retrospective analysis of 118 patients with lumbar degenerative diseases treated with OLIF at the Department of Orthopedics， Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital， School of Medicine， Zhejiang University， from January 2016 to December 2019. We divided the patients into OLIF stand-alone group （58 ones） and OLIF with PPS fixation group （60 ones） according to the surgical procedure. All the patients had preoperative frontal and lateral radiographs of the lumbar spine， and CT and MR scans were performed. The clinical outcomes and reoperation rates of the two groups were compared at immediate postoperative follow-up and at 1， 3， 6 and 12 months. X-ray and CT examinations were performed to assess Cage subsidence in both groups at each postoperative follow-up. 【Results】 There was no statistical difference between the two groups in baseline data and surgical segmentation. Of the 118 patients with 141 discs who underwent OLIF surgery， 58 patients with 68 discs received OLIF stand-alone surgery and 60 ones with 73 discs received OLIF with PPS fixation. There were no significant differences in intraoperative bleeding， complications， or postoperative clinical outcomes between the two groups （P>0.05）， and the Cage subsidence rate was 22.4% in OLIF stand-alone group and 5% in OLIF with PPS fixation group， with significant difference between the two groups （P<0.01）. 【Conclusion】 Both OLIF stand-alone and OLIF additional PPS fixation can achieve good early clinical outcomes， and first-stage additional PPS fixation can significantly reduce the occurrence of Cage subsidence in the early postoperative period after OLIF.

INTRODUCTION: We investigated sex and ethnic differences in the incidence, clinical characteristics and 1-year mortality of patients with newly diagnosed AF in a multi-ethnic population. METHOD: This retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with AF from 2008 to 2015 was based on medical claims, casemix and subvention data submitted to the Ministry of Health. Patients with AF were matched with controls without AF for age (3-year bands), sex and ethnicity, and categorised as middle-aged (45-64 years) or elderly (≥65 years) among major ethnic groups in Singapore (Chinese, Malay and Indian). RESULTS: Among 40,602 adults with AF (elderly 74%), Malays had the highest age-standardised incidence rate of AF, followed by Chinese and Indians; and the rate was higher in men. Despite having the worst cardiovascular risk profile, Indians had the lowest prevalence and incidence of AF. The 1-year mortality rate after newly diagnosed AF was 22-26 deaths per 100 people. Newly diagnosed AF was independently associated with increased 1-year all-cause mortality among middle-aged (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 9.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.36-11.20) and elderly adults (AOR 3.60, 95% CI 3.40-3.80) compared with those without AF. Sex differences in mortality among patients with AF were limited to elderly adults (men: AOR 1.17, 95% CI 1.11-1.24), while Indians were associated with a 30% increased odds of mortality compared with Chinese regardless of age (middle-aged: AOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09-1.548 elderly: AOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.22-1.45). CONCLUSION Variations in incidence, clinical profile and 1-year mortality of patients with AF in a nationwide cohort were influenced by sex and ethnicity. Newly diagnosed AF portends a worse prognosis and is a marker of high mortality within the first year.
Adult ; Aged ; Atrial Fibrillation/complications* ; Ethnicity ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Singapore/epidemiology*

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of depressive disorders among school students aged 6-16 years in Beijing, the effect of age and gender on the prevalence, and the behavioral and emotional profiles of identified students with depressive disorders.Methods:The prevalence of depressive disorders in primary and secondary school students aged 6-16 years in Beijing from January 2012 to December 2014 was examined by a multistage stratified random sampling method.In the first stage, the Achenbach′s Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was used to identify high-risk children and adolescents.In the second stage, the high-risk group was further screened by Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID), and then two psychiatrists made the final diagnosis according to the diagnostic criteria of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-Ⅳ). This study was a prospective epidemiological investigation.The effect of age and gender on the disease prevalence was analyzed by Chi- square test. Results:About 2.29% (234/10 215 cases) of the school students aged 6-16 years in Beijing had depressive disorders.The incidence of depressive disorders was 1.80% (106/5 866 cases) in boys and 2.94% (128/4 349 cases) in girls.There is an age effect on the prevalence of depression.As the age increases, the morbidity of depressive disorders increases.The age of 12 years was a critical turning point, and the peak incidence was reached at around the age of 15 years.The emotional and behavioral problems of patients with depressive disorders mainly include social problems, withdrawal depressed, anxiety and depressed, somatic complaints, and aggressive behavior.Conclusions:The prevalence of depressive disorders among school students aged 6-16 years in Beijing is 2.29%.Depressive disorders occur in primary and middle school students of all ages.More attention should be paid to the mood of students before and after the entrance exams for junior high school and senior middle school, especially the girls′ mood.In the process of screening, diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders, the atypical symptoms of depression need to be paid more attention.

Cyanobacteria are important photosynthetic autotrophic microorganisms and are considered as one of the most promising microbial chassises for photosynthetic cell factories. Glycogen is the most important natural carbon sink of cyanobacteria, playing important roles in regulating its intracellular carbon distributions. In order to optimize the performances of cyanobacterial photosynthetic cell factories and drive more photosynthetic carbon flow toward the synthesis of desired metabolites, many strategies and approaches have been developed to manipulate the glycogen metabolism in cyanobacteria. However, the disturbances on glycogen metabolism usually cause complex effects on the physiology and metabolism of cyanobacterial cells. Moreover, the effects on synthesis efficiencies of different photosynthetic cell factories usually differ. In this manuscript, we summarized the recent progress on engineering cyanobacterial glycogen metabolism, analyzed and compared the physiological and metabolism effects caused by engineering glycogen metabolism in different cyanobacteria species, and prospected the future trends of this strategy on optimizing cyanobacterial photosynthetic cell factories.
Carbon/metabolism* ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism* ; Cyanobacteria/metabolism* ; Glycogen/metabolism* ; Metabolic Engineering ; Photosynthesis/physiology*