Objective To explore the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the improve?ment of depressive behavior and the hippocampus brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in chronic stress-induced depression rats. To further investigate the possible molecular mechanism of rTMS treatment for depres?sion. Methods Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats of SPF grade were randomly divided into the blank control group (n=8) and the stress-induced group (n=30). Singly housing and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) were used to induce the depression model in stress-induced group. Twenty-four model rats were divided into three groups:model group (with no further treatment), rTMS group (receiving 10 Hz rTMS intervention for 3 weeks) and shame group (receiving pseudo TMS treatments for 3 weeks). Weight measurement, sucrose consumption test and open-field test were used to assess the behavior changes. The rat hippocampal CA3 area of BDNF positive staining cell number and expression levels of BDNF mRNA in hippocampus were examined after intervention. Results The weight reduction rate, score of sucrose consump?tion test and the score of open field test were significantly higher in rTMS group than in model group (P<0.05). The num? ber of BDNF staining positive cells in the hippocampal CA3 area was lower in model group and shame group than in the blank control group whereas was higher in the rTMS group than in the model group (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the BDNF mRNA relative expression was significantly increased in the hippocampus of rTMS group (P<0.01). Conclusion rTMS can improve depressive behaviors of CUMS rats probably through the increase in expression of BDNF in the hippocampal neurons and neuronal regeneration.

Objective To explore the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on behaviors and hippocampus neuronal apoptosis in rats with chronic stress-induced depression.Methods 40 male SD rats of SPF grade were randomly divided into normol control group (n =8) and model preparation group (n =30) after screening.Rats in model preparation group were singly housed and given chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) to build depression model.Excluding unsuccessful modeling rats,the model preparation group was divided into three groups:model group(n=8,without any treatment),rTMS group (n=8,with the intervention of 10 Hz rTMS) and shame group (n=8,simulation of rTMS environment without rTMS stimulus).The changes of behaviors in each group were detected by weight measurement,sucrose consumption test and open-field test.The changes of morphology of hippocampal neurons were detected by Nissl's staining.The changes of Bax in hippocampal neuron were detected by Immunohistochemical staining.Results (1) Behavioral results showed stress for 21 d could make rat behavior scores decrease significantly(all P＜0.05),and rTMS intervention could significantly improve their behavior scores (all P＜0.01).Compared with model group,the weight reduction rate (0.32±0.05)％,the score of sucrose consumption test(7.03 ± 1.02) and the score of open field test(8212.41 ± 1416.15,8.75 ± 1.58) in rTMS group was higher(P ＜0.01).(2) Nissl staining showed stress for 21 d could make the number of hippocampal CA3 neurons was reduced,cell morphology was poor,and the number of Nissl bodies was reduced.rTMS intervention could increase the number of hippocampal CA3 neurons,cell morphology was integral and the number of Nissl bodies was increased.(3) Immunohistochemistry results showed stress for 21 d could cause the number of Bax cell were significantly increased(P＜0.01),and rTMS intervention can make the number of Bax cell were significantly lower(P＜0.01).Conclusion rTMS intervention improves the depressive behavior in chronic stress depression model rats and inhibits the apoptosis,which might work through inhibition of neuron apoptosis and decline of Bax expression in hippoeampal neurons.

Objective To explore the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on behaviors and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) protein expression in chronic stress depression model rats and the possible antidepressant mechanism of rTMS. Method Seventy-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the blank control group (n=15) and the stress-induced group (n=60). Singly housing and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) were used to induce the depression model in stress-induced group. Forty-five CUMS rats were selected and ran?domly divided into rTMS group (receiving 10 Hz rTMS intervention for 3 weeks), sham group (receiving pseudo rTMS treatments for 3 weeks) and depression group (with no further treatment). Body weight measurements and performance in the sucrose consumption and forced swimming test (FST) were evaluated before modeling, after modeling and after inter?vention. The GR protein and GR mRNA expression level in the hippocampus were examined after intervention. Results Compared with control group, the body weight growth rate and the sugar water preference were significantly lower in stress-induced group (P<0.01), and the immobility time of FST was significantly longer (P<0.01). After the 3-week rTMS intervention, the body weight growth rate and the sugar water preference in rTMS group, which were insignificantly differ?ent from control group (P>0.05), were higher than those in sham group and depression group (P<0.01). The immobility times of FST in rTMS group and control group were shorter than sham group and depression group (P<0.01). Compared with rTMS group and control group, GR and GR mRNA expression levels in the hippocampus were significantly reduced in sham group and depression group (P<0.01). Conclusion rTMS can improve depression behavior of CUMS rats, which may be associated with upregulation of GR expression in the hippocampus.

With the rapid increase of the number of cardiovascular disease patients in China, and the popular trend of cardiovascular disease risk factors is becoming more and more obvious, the control of risk factors for cardiovascular disease has become an important public health problem as well as a great challenge to social and economic development. Recent studies show that resistance training plays a positive impact on the control of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This article reviewed the related literature in recent years for the resistance training control risk factors of the cardiovascular disease, and stated the precautions and challenges during the process of the implementation of resistance training in order to provide new clues to the research and practice for control the risk factors of cardiovascular disease .

Objective To investigate the influences of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on cardiovascular system, nervous system and respiratory system of experimental animals, and provide general pharmacological data for further research and application. Methods The influences of GSPE on blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, breathing frequency and tidal volume in anesthetic dogs after duodenal administration were observed, the impacts on spontaneous activity, coordinated motion, and the sleep situation with threshold dose and subthreshold dose of pentobarbital sodium in mice after intragastric administration were observed. Results GSPE showed no side effects on blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, breathing frequency and tidal volume in anesthetic dogs at the dosage of 857.00, 214.29, 42.86 mg/kg (P>0.05). At the dosage of 428.57, 214.29, 42.86 mg/kg, GSPE had no obvious influence on spontaneous activities and coordinated movements in mice (P>0.05). GSPE did not evidently change the number of sleeping animals, the sleep latency and the sleeping duration with subthreshold dose and threshold dose of pentobarbital sodium (P>0.05). Conclusion GSPE has no evident adverse effects on central nervous system, cardiovascular system and respiratory system in animals.

BACKGROUND:Cirrhosis is a long-term consequence of chronic hepatic injury, which has no effective therapy. Mesenchymal stem cels have been shown to play a potential role in the treatment of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cels on CCl4 induced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis in rats. METHODS:A CCl4-induced liver fibrotic/cirrhotic rat model was used, and human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cels were injectedvia the tail vein after modeling. Liver biochemical profile was measured by Beckman Coulter analyzer. Histopathological changes were assessed by Sirius red staining. The expressions of colagen type I, colagen type III, matrix metaloproteinases-2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metaloproteinases-2 protein and mRNA in liver tissues were observed by immunohistochemistry, western blot and real-time PCR, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Liver biochemical profile indicated the transplantation of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cels could improve the liver function of rats with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. After cel transplantation, except 1-week cel transplantation group, the expressions of the matrix metaloproteinases-2 mRNA and protein were significantly increased, while the expressions of colagen type I, colagen type III and tissue inhibitor of matrix metaloproteinases-2 mRNA and protein significantly decreased, compared with the corresponding model groups. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cels play a role in the treatment of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis through upregulating the expression of matrix metaloproteinases-2 and lowering the expression of inhibitor of matrix metaloproteinases-2. With the continued presence of pathogenic factors, human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cel transplantation cannot reverse liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, and only delay the process of liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.

Objective To analyze the effect of Shuxuetong injection on microcirculation in patients with septic shock and its therapeutic effect. Methods A prospective study was conducted. Eighty patients with septic shock treated in Department of Critical Care Medicine of Hebei Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital were randomly divided into a Shuxuetong group and a conventional therapy group according to random number table, 40 cases in each group. The conventional treatment in the two groups was energetically carried out in accord to the sepsis shock guidelines, such as positive fluid resuscitation, anti-infection, etc. In the Shuxuetong group, additionally Shuxuetong injection 6 mL in 5% glucose injection 250 mL intravenous drip was given once a day for 7 days. The levels of urine output, lactic acid (Lac), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and cardiac index (CI) in the two groups were observed before and after treatment; the total dosages of dopamine, dobutamine, noradrenaline, etc. vascoactive agent used for the patients and 28-day mortality in the two groups were also recorded. Results The comparisons of levels of urine output, Lac, BUN, Cr, AST, ALT, LVEF, and CI before treatment between the two groups were of no statistical significant differences (all P>0.05). After treatment in the two groups, the urine output, LVEF, and CI were increased compared with those before treatment, whereas the Lac, BUN, Cr, AST, and ALT were significantly decreased, and the changes were more obvious in Shuxuetong group [urine output (mL/h):112.1±39.8 vs. 73.3±28.5, LVEF:0.49±0.15 vs. 0.44±0.14, CI (mL·s-1·m-2):66.2±5.7 vs. 54.2±6.2, Lac (mmol/L):3.83±1.65 vs. 4.72±2.25, BUN (mmol/L):7.1±2.7 vs. 9.3±3.5, Cr (μmol/L): 73.9±16.2 vs. 95.7±15.8, AST (U/L): 39.8±9.5 vs. 45.8±12.7, ALT (U/L):34.3±9.7 vs. 41.7±11.3, all P<0.05]. The total dosages of all kinds of vascoactive agent of Shuxuetong group were remarkably less than those in the conventional therapy group [dopamine (mg): 993.1±261.7 vs. 1 340.9±356.4, dobutamine (mg):776.2±281.0 vs. 1 049.2±364.3, noradrenaline (mg):56.4±34.6 vs. 107.6±51.3, all P<0.05]. The 28-day mortality of Shuxuetong group was obviously lower than that of conventional therapy group [40.0%(16/40) vs. 60.0%(24/40), P<0.05]. Conclusion Shuxuetong injection can improve the microcirculation perfusion in patients with septic shock and reduce their mortality.

BACKGROUND: Being a kind of regenerative and auto-transplanting cell, olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) has been extensively concerned on transplantation treatment for spinal disease. Concerning to the transplantation in treatment of cerebral hemorrhage, it is expected a further accumulation of experimental results at present.OBJECTIVE: To observe the proliferation of neural progenitor cells in cerebral hemorrhagic rats after OEC transplantation and to evaluate the therapeutic effects of OEC transplantation on cerebral hemorrhage.DESIGN: Completely randomized controlled experiment.SETTING: Department of Neurology of Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed in Research Center for Clinical Neurology , Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology from March 2002 to March 2003. Thirty-two healthy male Wistar rats were employed and randomized into 2 groups, 16 rats in each. In OEC transplantation group, on the 3rd day of modeling hemorrhage of caudate nucleus, OEC suspension 10 μL was injected evenly in the brain of rat (1 μL/min). In the control group, physiological saline 10 μL was injected.METHODES: Neural function evaluation was done before transplantation,on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 30th days after transplantation successively. On the first day after modeling, 1 rat was collected from each of two groups to prepare brain tissue section. Myelin sheath blue staining was used for observation of neuronal axonal myelin sheath. Never fiber argentophil staining was used for observation of never fiber. One rat was collected from each of two groups on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 30th days after transplantation successively to prepare paraffin section. The survival and migration after OEC transplantation as well as proliferation of neural progenitor cell were observed.The count of neural progenitor cell was recorded.myelin sheath and nerve fiber after cerebral hemorrhage in rats of two function deficits on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 30th days after cerebral hemorrhage in rats of two groups.around and in hematoma on the 30th day after cerebral hemorrhage: In transplantation group, myelinated amount and nerve fiber amount were cell after cerebral hemorrhage in rats of two groups: on the 7th, 14th and 30th days after cerebral hemorrhage, the amount of neural progenitor cell in OEC transplantation group was more remarkably than that in the control group [(41.1 ±2.4)pcs/vision field, (34.5 ±1.2)pcs/vision field; (43.6±1.2)pcs/vision rield, (37.2±2.0)pcs/vision field; (19.3±1.0)pcs/vision rield, ( 14.2±0.4)pcs/videficits after cerebral hemorrhage in rats of two groups: In OEC transplantation group, on the 14th and 30th days, the evaluation was lower remarkably than the 3rd day [(2.21 ±0.20)scores, (1.50±0.21)scores, (2.74±0.21)scores, (t=2.06, 3.27, P ＜ 0.05)]. In the control group, that on the 30th day after cerebral hemorrhage was lower than that on the 3rd day [(1.96±0.12)scores ,(2.76±0.20) scores, (t=2.47, P ＜ 0.05 )].tion of intracerebral nerve cell, re-myelination and building-up synaptic system so as to recover the motor function and accelerate repair of injured tissue.

Objective To investigate the polymorphisms of-139 and -336 nucleotides in dendritic cells specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) promoter region in context of HIV susceptibility, infection routines and HIV/AIDS progress. Methods Polymorphisms of -139 and -336 nucleotides in DC-SIGN were examined in 160 HIV-positive subjects and 178 healthy controls;the Spearman test was performed to analyze their associations with HIV infection status. Results In 160 HIV-positive subjects, there were 92 (57.5%) with-139C, 68 (42.5%) with-139T, 29 (18.1%) with-336C and 131 (81.9%) with -336T. The frequencies of -139T/C and -336T/C in HIV-positive subjects were similar to those in the healthy controls (χ2 =0. 121 and 1. 754, P ＞0.05 ). No differences were found in the distribution of -139T/C or -336T/C in HIV-positive subjects infected via sex intercourse or intravenous drug (χ2 =0. 435 and 0. 103, P ＞ 0. 05 ). -139C was usually companied with -336C ( r = 0. 359, P ＜ 0.01 ).-139T (27.9%) were more frequently presented in patients with CD4 +T cells ≤50 cells/μL than -139C( 23.0%, χ2 = 4.055, P ＜ 0.05 ). -139T/C and -336T/C were not related to HIV RNA levels ( t = - 0. 643and - 1. 637, P ＞ 0.05). Conclusions Genotype -139C in DC-SIGN promoter region usually coexist with -336C. Polymorphisms of -139 and -336 are not related to HIV susceptibilities or HIV infection routes.-139T genotype may be related to serious depletion on CD4 + T cells.

Objective To study the recovery mechanism of dysphagic patients after stroke using functional magnetic resonanee imaging(fMRI). Methods Thirteen patients with dysphagia caused by unilateral cortical or subcortical lesions were recruited into a dysphagia group,and eight age-matched healthy volunteers were recruited as controls.Both grouDs performed experimental volitional swallowing tasks during fMRI studies.All patients of the dys-phagia group received rehabilitation treatment targeting dysphagia.Of the 13 dysphagia patients,7 reached almost complete recovery and were identified as recovered in follow-up fMRI studies.A 3.0 T MR scanner and echo planar imaging(EPI)T_2 WI sequence were employed to obtain the fMRI data.SPM2 software was used for post-processing of the fMRI data and displaying activated brain maps.Lateral index(LI)was calculated as LI:(C-1)/(C+I).Paired t tests were used to compare activated brain volume before and after complete recovery. Results Consistent activation of the bilateral primary sensorimotor cortex,anterior cingulated gyrus and the bilateral insular cortex were observed in the control group. Activation of the pons,medulla,left cerebellum,left prefrontal area,right occipital area and the left insular cortex were observed in the dysphagia group.Activation was observed in the bilateral primary sensorimotor cortex.bilateral prefrontal area,bilateral superior temporal gyrus,left insular cortex,bilateral frontal o-pereulum and anterior cingulated gyrus in the recovered patients.The total activated volume before recovery in the ip-silesional hemisDhere was significantly less compared with the contralesional hemisphere in the dysphagia group.In the recovered patients,both the activated brain volume of the ipsilesional hemisphere and value of LI were significant-ly larger than those at the initial examination.Conclusions Decreased activation in the sensorimotor cortex,the in-sular lobe and the cingulate gyms might be causes.of dysphagia.Compensation by the contralesional hemisphere in the early stages and then the restoration of the ipsilesional hemisphere after recovery may be mechanisms of dysphagia recovery in stroke patients.