Objective To study the distribution of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in Xiamen,and to investigate the relationship among HbA1c level and gender and age.Methods This was a cross-sectional study.10 487 cases of physical examination individuals in Zhongshan hospital from January 2013 to April 2014 were recruited.HbA1c was measured by ARKRAY HA-8180 automatic glycosylated hemoglobin analyzer (Japan).All data were collected for analyzing the HbA1c levels in different sex and age groups,exploring the rule between HbA1c and age,and comparing the different diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus(DM).Differences between the two groups were compared using the Independent Samples T Test.The measurement data of multiple group were compared with single factor analysis of variance (One way ANOVA),and the comparison between two groups was performed with LSD T test.Correlation between different variables was analyzed by Pearson correlation and linear regression.Results Focused on all the 10 487 cases and 9 436 cases with HbA1c ＜ 6.5％ physical examination population,the levels of HbA1c were positively correlated with age,the linear regression equations were HbA1c (％) =0.021 2 × age (years) + 4.811 9 (r =0.348 9,P=0.000) and HbA1c(％) =0.010 9 × age (years) + 5.0944 (r=0.4257,P =0.000)respectively; HbA1c levels in male physical examination population were significantly higher than those in females (P ＜ 0.001),moreover,in different gender groups,HbA1c level had gradually risen with increasing age.Patients at risk for diabetes (prediabetes,39.60％) diagnosed by the criteria of 2010 American Diabetes Association (ADA) were 2.55 times more than those diagnosed by the criteria of international expert committee (15.55％).Conclusions The HbA1c level is related to age and gender in Xiamen city.It is necessary to establish different reference intervals and DM diagnostic cut-off point.The criteria of 2010 ADA can identify more high-risk DM individuals,with is especially suitable for the physical examination screening.

Objective To study clinical feature and therapeutic choice of pituitary adenomas. Methods The clinical data of 239 cases of pituitary adenomas were analyzed. Results Total 93 male and 146 female cases were recruited. The average age was (43.8 ± 14.9 ) years old (3.9-77 years). Prolactinomas were the most common pituitary adenomas (26.8%) , 179 patients (74.9%) underwent surgery, of which 108 (60.3%) with transsphenoidal approach and 71 (39.7%) transcranial approach. The other 60 cases were treated nonsurgically. Conclusions Pituitary adenomas may present hormonal abnormalities or neurological symptoms.Some adenomas were accidently detected by MRI. Prolactinomas were the most common pituitary adenomas.

Objective To explore the sensitivity and accuracy of directly sequenced core and non-structrural protein (NS)5B regions for hepatitis C virus (HCV)genotyping.Methods Fifty-one serum samples from chronic hepatitis C patients were collected in the study.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify core and NS5B regions.Genotypes or subtypes were determined by the phylogenetic analysis of directly sequenced core and NS5B regions.Results Among the 51 samples,49 (96.1 %)were successfully typed by phylogenetic analysis of directly sequenced core region.There were overall five genotypes determined in the area,including 1b (61 .2%,30/49 ),2a (20.4%,10/49 ),2b (2.0%,1/49),3a (4.1 %,2/49 )and 6a (12.2%,6/49 ).The positive rate of HCV genotying was 88.2% (45/51 )on the basis of NS5B region.HCV genotypes 1b,2a,2b,3a and 6a were found in 62.2% (28/45),20.0% (9/45 ),2.2% (1/45 ),4.4% (2/45 )and 11 .1 % (5/45 )of the patients, respectively.Conclusion The HCV genotyping based on core regions,compared with that based on NS5B,shows the advantages of primer design,amplification efficiency and accuracy,suggesting that it has the priority to be used in the epidemiological and clinical study of HCV genotyping.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of elbasvir/grazoprevir (EBR/GZR) in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C in the real-world.Methods:This was an open-label, single-center, retrospective real-world study. A total of 103 genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients who were treated with EBR/GZR in Henan Provincial People′s Hospital from May 2018 to October 2019 were enrolled.And the clinical baseline characteristics of patients and the effectiveness and safety of antiviral therapy were respectively evaluated.Results:A total of 103 patients were enrolled in the study with an age of (47.6±13.9) years. Fifty-five (53.4%) patients were male and 48(46.6%) were female. One point nine percent (2/103) patients were genotype 1a hepatitis C and 98.1%(101/103) were genotype 1b hepatitis C. Seventeen genotype 1b hepatitis C patients were previously treated with interferon, and three patients co-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Among the 103 cases, 35 had underlying diseases and 26 had combined medication. Ninty-eight cases completed 12-week treatment and 89 cases completed 12-week follow-up after treatment.Overall, 89 cases achieved sustained virological response. The overall incidence of adverse reactions was 20.4%(21/103), and the main adverse reactions were fatigue, insomnia and anxiety. No serious adverse event occurred. The three patients with HBV co-infection had no hepatitis B activation after treatment.Conclusion:EBR/GZR is effective and safe in the patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C in China.

Objective To analyze hepatitis C virus genotype(HCV GT)1b NS5A resistance-associated variants(RAV)and its related factors,and to provide references for direct-acting antivirals (DAA)agent selection and application.Methods From January 2017 to July 2017,53 hepatitis C patients were selected from the Department of Infectious Diseases of Henan Province People's Hospital. The mutations of L31M and Y93H in NS5A RAV were analyzed in 43 HCV GT1b patients,and their correlations with hepatitis C virus,liver function,platelet and liver fibrosis diagnostic model[APRI, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to platelet ratio(GPR),FIb-4]were analyzed.The quantitative data were compared by two independent samples t test,and the qualitative data were compared by chi square test. Results Fifty-three subjects were enrolled,including 43 GT1b(9 males and 34 females)and 10 GT2a(2 males and 8 females).No other genotype was detected.The incidence of NS5A RAV in 43 HCV GT1b patients was 13.9%(6/43),of which L31M and Y93H were 1/43(2.3%)and 5/43(11.6%)with no significant difference(χ2= 1.500,P= 0.219).There were no significant differences in HCV RNA, ALT,AST,albumin,platelets and age between patients with or without mutation(all P> 0.05). Conclusions The incidence of NS5A RAV in HCV GT1b patients is high,but not affected by virus, biochemical factors and liver fibrosis.The detection of NS5A RAV before HCV treatment is helpful for rational selection of DAA,which could reduce the drug resistance.

Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA, Beijing Version) was chosen as cognition assessment implement. 63 patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were chosen to form a research group, and 27 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and normal cognitive function served as a control group. It was found that atherosclerosis played an important role in the pathogenesis of MCI in type 2diabetes, therefore, early prevention and management of atherosclerosis may help to improve the cognitive function.

OBJECTIVETo prepare flexible proanthocyanidins nanoliposomes, and explore the in vitro release behavior of proanthocyanidins flexible nanoliposomes and general nanoliposomes.

METHODFlexible proanthoeyanidins nanoliposomes were prepared proanthocyanidins using a film dispersion method, characterized by transmission electron microscope, and the in vitro release action was studied in different dissolution mediums using dynamic dialyse method with the content of total phenol as index.

RESULTThe in vitro release of both proanthocyanidins flexible nanoliposomes and general nanoliposomes were in accordance with Weibull distribution.

CONCLUSIONProanthocyanidins flexible nanoliposomes without pressure had similar in vitro release behavior with general nanoliposomes.

Drug Delivery Systems ; methods ; Liposomes ; chemistry ; ultrastructure ; Nanospheres ; chemistry ; ultrastructure ; Particle Size ; Proanthocyanidins ; chemistry

The status of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical lesions was analyzed among 20 420 postmenopausal women who participated in gynecological disease screening in Shanghai Minhang district 2017.The infection rate of HPV in postmenopausal women was 8.37％(1 710/20 420),and the infection of high-risk HPV 52,58,16,18 accounted for 95.26％(2 029/2 130).The HPV infection rate was 7.37％ in women aged ≥65 years,and that was 8.62％ in women aged＜65 years(x2=6.640,P=0.010).Among 552 cases with pathological results there were 133 cases of cervical lesions.The top 4 HPV infections in patients with cervical lesions were HPV16,52,58 and 33.The rate of cervical lesions was 22.35％ in ≥65 age group,and 24.93％ in ＜65 age group (P＞0.05).The study suggests that HPV genotyping should be taken into account in gynecological disease screening,and the subjects with high-risk HPV infection should be closely followed up;meanwhile,the age limits of screening population should be appropriately extended.

Objective To survey the contraceptive knowledge and service ability of postpartum visitors in Shanghai Minhang district.Methods A questionnaire survey on the contraceptive knowledge and contraceptive services was conducted in May 2018 among postpartum visitors from 13 community health service centers in Shanghai Minhang district.Results One hundred and forty-eight valid questionnaires were collected.All the participants were women,among whom 6.8％ (10/148) were obstetricians and gynecologists,8.1％ (12/148) were general practitioners and public health doctors,52.7％ (78/148) were nurses and 32.4％ (48/148) were village doctors.One hundred and ten participants were married women of childbearing age,among whom 18.2％(20/110) did not take contraceptive measures,43.6％(48/110) used condom,10.9％ (12/110) used in vitro ejaculation or safe period or combination of two methods,and only 27.3％(30/1 10) used IUD or tubal ligation.The overall correct rate of contraceptive knowledge was 65.9％ (1 755/2 664).The correct rates of knowledge about postpartum intrauterine device,the placement time of subcutaneous implantation of contraceptives,the correct use of condoms were particularly low.During the visits,postpartum lactating mothers,condom and safe period were recommended for contraception;and condom was recommended most (93.2％,138/148),however,only 24.3％(36/148) of them carried free contraceptive condom when visiting home.Conclusions The general levels of contraception-related knowledge and ability of community postpartum visitors are less satisfactory.It is necessary to strengthen the training and assessment of contraceptive knowledge for them.

ObjectiveTo investigate the status of abnormal renal function markers and related influencing factors in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients receiving oral antiviral drugs for a long time. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 681 CHB patients who attended Henan Provincial People’s Hospital from January to December 2019 and received long-term oral administration of entecavir (ETV)/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). All patients received the measurement of blood renal function markers (urea, creatinine, retinol-binding protein ［RBP］, cystatin C ［Cys-C］, and β2-microglobulin ［β2-MG］), urinary renal function markers (α1-microglobulin ［α1-MG］, Cys-C, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase ［NAG］), and urine routine parameters. The incidence rate of abnormal renal function markers were analyzed. The McNemar’s test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups, and the multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate independent influencing factors for abnormal renal markers in urine. ResultsThe 681 patients had a mean age of 39.8±11.0 years and received medication for 1.88 (0.80-3.16) years. There were 417 male patients and 264 female patients, and the incidence rate of liver cirrhosis was 27.02% (184/681). Of all 681 patients, 442 received ETV and 239 received TDF. The measurement of blood renal function markers showed that urea, creatinine, retinol-binding protein, Cys-C, and β2-MG had an abnormal rate of 6.9% (47/681), 0.15% (1/681), 0(0/681), 2.21% (15/681), and 5.03% (30/681), respectively, and the abnormal rate of urinary protein was 7.29% (49/672). The measurement of urinary renal function markers showed that α1-MG, NAG, and Cys-C had an abnormal rate of 38.62% (263/681), 37.74% (257/681), and 19.38% (132/681), respectively. The abnormal rate of urine test was higher than that of blood test (P＜0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis with urinary α1-MG as the dependent variable showed that sex (odds ratio ［OR］=0.293, 95% confidence interval ［CI］: 0.204-0.419, P＜0.05), age (OR=1298, 95%CI: 1.108-1.521, P＜0.05), and type of nucleoside drug (OR=2.100, 95%CI: 1.431-3.083, P＜0.05) were influencing factors. The multivariate logistic regression analysis with urinary NAG as the dependent variable showed that age (OR=1.177, 95%CI: 1.008-1.375, P=0.040) was an influencing factor. ConclusionCompared with blood renal function markers, urinary renal function markers can identify renal injury earlier in CHB patients, and the elderly patients and the patients receiving TDF are more likely to develop abnormal renal function. However, it is not observed whether the duration of medication and liver cirrhosis can increase the risk of renal injury in CHB patients.