Ophthalmology is a predominantly morphology of clinical discipline. The eye has the characteristics of small scale, close structure, complex and diverse diseases, different clinical manifestations and so on. As an effective tool, the mind map can promote thinking visualization, help learners establish the logic relation of things and cultivate their innovative ability. To achieve better teaching effect, we introduce the mind map into theory course teaching of ophthalmology. On the one hand, teachers can optimize the teaching design, clarify the teaching ideas, and on the other hand, students can draw the mind map on their own or with others which will improve their subjective initiative of learning and study efficiency, and at the same time cultivate their ability of mutual collaboration.

AIM: To evaluate the alterations of maternal hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes and antioxidative function in tobacco-induced intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). METHODS:Pregnant rats were assigned to control group and tobacco group. IUGR model was produced by smoking from gestational days (GD) 9 to GD 20. Fetuses were removed by laparotomy on GD 21. The fetal development parameters such as fetal body weights, litter size and placental weights were recorded. Subcelluar fractions of liver were prepared by differential centrifugation. Activities of drug-metabolizing and antioxidative enzymes were monitored. RESULTS:In the tobacco exposure group, fetal body weights, litter size and placental weights were significantly reduced (P

Aim To investigate the protective effect and the underline mechanisms of total flavonoids from Sorbus Tianschanica L leaf (TFST) against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.Methods The I/R injury model of rat isolated heart was prepared by improved Langendorff retrograde perfusion method.Following the treatment,the coronary blood flow levels (CF),left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and maximal rise/fall rate of left ventricular pressure (±dp/dt_(max)) were monitored as the myocardial function.The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in myocardial tissue were measured by the commercial kits. The in vitro anti-oxidative capacity of TFST was detected by the DPPH and lipid peroxidation reaction system.Results Compared with I/R injury group, pre-incubation with TFST (6.0 mg·L~(-1)) significantly improved the LVDP,±dp/dt_(max) and CF during reperfusion. TFST (6.0 mg·L~(-1)) treatment significantly increased the SOD activities and reduced the MDA levels in myocardium tissue.Moreover,TFST (from 6.25 to 100.0 mg·L~(-1)) scavenged the DPPH, hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion free radicals, and inhibited the lipid peroxidation reaction in a concentration-dependent way.Conclusions All the results demonstrate that TFST possesses the cardioprotective effect on ischemia/reperfusion injury.This efficacy may be due to its antioxidative activity.

Objective To develop a BP26 recombinant BCG (rBCG-BP26) vaccine,and to observe the effects of rBCG-BP26 on CD4+,CD8+ T cells in immunized mice.Methods The recombinant shuttle vector pMV261-Ag85B-BP26 was constructed by using traditional molecular biological technology.The recombinant strains were obtained by kanamycin resistance screening and PCR identification after electroporation.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of recombinant BP26 vaccine in immunized mice.Safety experiment was carried out in three different groups:the target experiment(rBCG-BP26) group,the positive control(BCG) group and the negative control(PBS) group,15 BALB/c mice in each group.Intradermal inoculations of 100 μl rBCG-BP26 [containing 106 colony forming units(CFU)],BCG,and PBS were carried out,respectively.Signs of mice in each group were observed.After immunization for 10,20,30,and 40 days,body weight was weighed,and tail blood was collected to observe the change of peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by flow cytometry.Results The rBCG-BP26 was successfully constructed.The expression of BP26 protein was detected in the liquid medium and the bacteria cells.The results of safety test analysis showed that there were no significant differences in signs and body weights(F=2.468,0.331,1.520,0.739,all P＞ 0.05),between PBS group[ (19.24 ± 0.54),(21.37 ± 0.66),(22.83 ± 0.62),(25.06 ± 0.37)g],BCG group[ (19.90 ± 0.02),(21.53 ± 1.57),(21.95 ± 0.55),(24.70 ± 0.39)g]and rBCG-BP26 group[ (19.16 ± 0.55 ),(20.89 ± 0.20),(22.15 ± 0.76),(24.60 ± 0.64)g].The results of flow cytometry showed that the percentages of CD4+ T cell level were lower in BCG group(26.70％,33.07％) and rBCG-BP26 group( 13.40％,26.70％) than that of the PBS group(33.85％,29.33％) and the values of CD4+/CD8+ T cells increased in rBCG-BP26 group (0.69％,1.27％,1.57％,1.70％ ) 10,20 and 30 days after immunization.Conclusions Recombinant BCG-BP26 vaccine strain can express brucella BP26 protein efficiently.Furthermore,its virulence is mild,and it can activate CD4+,CD8+ T cells in the body.It can be used as one of candidate vaccine strain against brucellosis.

Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; Integrative Medicine ; Internationality

Humans ; Microcirculation ; Sepsis ; physiopathology

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Electrodes ; Epistaxis ; surgery ; Female ; Hemostasis, Endoscopic ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

Objective To investigate the relationship of acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) and the regulatory T (Treg) cells,NK cells as well as their function-related cytokines such as IL-10,TGF-β,and perforin in mice with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.Methods H-2 completely mismatched C57BL/6→ BALB/c aGVHD mice model was constructed.Flow cytometry analysis was used to detect the proportion of CD4+CD25 + Treg cells and NK-1.1+ NK cells in the spleen of aGVHD mice after transplantation.ELISA method was used to detect the serum levels of IL-10,TGF-β and perforin in the aGVHD mice intervened with CSA prophylactic or not.The normal C57BL/6 mice were used as controls.Results Compared with those of normal mice,the proportion of Treg cells in aGVHD mice after transplantation was decreased (mean 3.6％ vs.1.55％) and the proportion of NK cells increased (mean 3.3％ vs.11.5％).In the aGVHD mice treated with cyclosporine A,serum IL-10 expression level was significantly increased (treated group (125.79 ± 0.27)pg/mL,untreated group [(103.09 ± 3.27)pg/mL,P＜0.01)],TGF-β expression level was increased [(252.05 ±7.84)pg/mL vs.(241.61±15.41)pg/mL,P＞0.05],perforin expression level was significantly increased [(186.97 ± 4.68)pg/mL vs.(144.35 ± 14.42)pg/mL,P＜0.01].Conclusion ① The occurrence of aGVHD is correlated with the decreased number of Tree cells after transplantation in mice.Treg cell function-related cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β are involved in the treatment of aGVHD by cyclosporine A-mediated immunosuppression.②NK cells are involved in the occurrence of aGVHD after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation,and the increased level of perforin is related to the inhibition of aGVHD.

Objective To identify the expression of a fusion gene GCA formed from GM-CSF gene and LMP2A gene of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in a recombinant BCG (rBCG) and to study its immunoge-nicity.Methods The rBCG was constructed to express the fusion gene GCA and the expressed products were detected by Western blot assay .ELISA was performed to measure specific antibody titers in serum sam-ples from mice immunized with rBCG .Lactate dehydrogenase assay was used to analyze the cellular immuni-ty of mice.A mouse model of EBV-positive gastric carcinoma was established to evaluate the therapeutic effects of rBCG.Results The target proteins of GM-CSF and LMP2A were successfully expressed in rBCG . The specific antibodies were detected in rBCG immunized mice as indicated by ELISA .The maximum anti-body titer reached 1 ∶27 900 [(326.5±7.8) pg/ml] as injection with rBCG 5×108/mouse.The rBCG in-duced cytotoxicity of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) to EBV-positive gastric carcinoma cells (GT39) (with a killing rate of 89.6%±6.8%) was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05) The sizes of tumor in PBS control group [(1964.0±548.7) mm3] and BCG group [(1268.65±72.4) mm3] were big-ger than those in rBCG group [(168.64±78.80) mm3].Conclusion The rBCG expressing GM-CSF and LMP2A fusion gene was successfully constructed .The rBCG could induce humoral and cellular immune re-sponses in mice and inhibit the growth of tumor .

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of tryptophan to kynurenine. IDO1 is highly expressed in some tumor tissues. IDO1 can deplete tryptophan in tumor microenvironment, inhibit T cell function, and mediate the immune escape of tumor cells. Thus, IDO1 is considered a potential target of tumor immunotherapy. Currently, there are several IDO1 inhibitors in clinical research studies. The mechanism of IDO1-mediated tumor immune escape and the structure of IDO1 inhibitors are summarized in this review.