Objective To compare the differences between external standard method and relative correction factor method for determination of the flavonoids from Sorbus tianschanica Rupr.Methods Using HPLC external standard method for determination of hyperoside,rutin,isoquercitrin,quercetin-3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-β-D-glucoside,astragalin and Kaempferol-3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside in Sorbus tianschanica Rupr.,HPLC relative correction factor method was adopted to establish relative correction factor of the other five flavonoids above with hyperoside as reference.The difference was evaluated by comparing the external standard method with the relative correction factor method.Results There was no significant difference between the T test external standard method and relative correction factor method(P>0.05).Conclusion External standard method and relative correction factor method can be used for determination of the flavonoids from Sorbus tianschanica Rupr.,but in the case of lack of reference substance or mass detection,using the relative correction factor method for determination of rutin,hyperoside isoquercitrin,quercetin-3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-β-D-glucoside,astragalin and kaempferol-3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside in Sorbus tianschanica Rupr.It was more feasible and it can be used as a new quality evaluation method in determination of flavonoid components from Sorbus tianschanica Rupr.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Neuromyelitis Optica ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo analyze the affecting factors on the cause of measles and measles vaccine under the high coverage of measles vaccine in Shaanxi province.

METHODSAge distribution and vaccination history on measles cases were studied. Throat swabs were obtained from measles cases. Measles virus was isolated from collected specimens with phenol-chloroform extraction method. Amplification was performed by RT-PCR in order to amplify 450 bp fragment of the -COOH side of N gene,and then the sequences of PCR products were detected to confirm the gene type of measles virus. Sera were obtained from patients who were in acute phase of measles disease,and antibody titer against measles vaccine strain and wild strain were determined by small amounts neutralization test.

RESULTSMeasles cases with the history of measles vaccination were accounted for 38.97% of the total numbers. The geometrical mean titer (GMT) (56.18) against S191 attenuated strain was significant higher than that of wild strain (26.90) among these measles patients with history of having received measles vaccination. The GMT (25.40) against S191 attenuated strain was similar to that of wild strain (27.86) among these measles patients with non-history of measles vaccination. The antibody negative rate against wild strain was 19.15% to these sera from patients with the history of measles vaccination and antibody potency against S191 strain was less than 16.

CONCLUSIONThe appearance of higher measles incidence under the higher coverage of measles vaccine indicated that measles epidemic strain might degenerate as the result regarding the failure of the present measles vaccine in protecting the transmission of H1 wild strain.

Age Distribution ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Base Sequence ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Incidence ; Measles ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Measles Vaccine ; administration & dosage ; Measles virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neutralization Tests

OBJECTIVETo explore the influence of exogenous putrescine and cadaverine on pro-inflammatory factors in the peripheral blood of rabbits.

METHODSForty ordinary adult New Zealand rabbits were divided into saline, necrotic tissue homogenate (NTH), putrescine, and cadaverine groups according to the random number table, with 10 rabbits in each group. Saline, NTH, 10 g/L putrescine, and 10 g/L cadaverine were respectively peritoneally injected into rabbits of corresponding group in the amount of 1 mL/kg. The blood sample in the volume of 2 mL was collected from the central artery of rabbit ears before injection and at 2, 6, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60 hours post injection (PIH). Contents of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 in the serum were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were processed with repeated measurement data analysis of variance and Spearman correlation analysis, and cubic model curve was applied in curve fitting for the contents of inflammatory factors.

RESULTS(1) The serum contents of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 were increased in NTH, putrescine, and cadaverine groups in different degrees at most post injection time points. There was no significant change in the concentrations of the three pro-inflammatory factors in saline group, and they were significantly lower than those of the other three groups at most post injection time points (with F values from 3.49 to 13.58, P values all below 0.05). The serum contents of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 in putrescine group began to increase at PIH 2, 6, and 6, which was similar to the trend of NTH group, but the changes were delayed compared with those of cadaverine group(all at PIH 2). The peak values of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 in putrescine group were respectively (339 ± 36), (518 ± 44), and (265.9 ± 33.5) pg/mL, which were significantly lower than those of cadaverine group [ (476 ± 86), (539 ± 22), and (309.4 ± 27.1) pg/mL], with F values respectively 5.11, 1.90, and 5.56, P values all below 0.05. (2) The period of time in which contents of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 began to increase (PIH 3-4) and the peaking time of the three pro-inflammatory cytokines (PIH 18-30) in putrescine group appeared later than those of cadaverine group (PIH 2 and 12-30). The duration of peaking time of the three pro-inflammatory cytokines in putrescine group was shorter than that of cadaverine group (PIH 18-30 vs. PIH 12-30). The increasing period and the duration of peaking time of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 in putrescine group were close to those of NTH group (PIH 3-5 and 18-30). The correlation coefficient test analysis showed that the trends of changes in contents of three pro-inflammatory cytokines in putrescine group were significantly correlated with those of NTH group (r(TNF-α) = 0.933, P < 0.01; r(IL-1) = 0.967, P < 0.01; r(IL-6) = 0.950, P < 0.01). The obvious correlation between cadaverine group and NTH group was only found in the contents of IL-1 and IL-6 (r(IL-1) = 0.913, P < 0.01; r(IL-6) = 0.883, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSBoth exogenous putrescine and cadaverine can cause inflammatory reaction in rabbits. The trend of the inflammatory reaction induced by putrescine was similar with that by NTH, suggesting that putrescine may play a leading role in the inflammatory reaction induced by necrotic tissue decomposition.

Animals ; Cadaverine ; adverse effects ; Inflammation ; blood ; Interleukin-1 ; blood ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Necrosis ; blood ; Putrescine ; adverse effects ; Rabbits ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

Objective To investigate the status of control of endemic fluorosis in Liaoning Province.Methods To investigate the prevalence rate of endemic fluorosis and water fluoride content in regions with different extent of endemic fluorosis,dental fluomsis among 8-12 years old children and clinical fluorosis at adult above 16 years old were extensively surveyed,urinary fluoride among 8-12 years old children was detected.Results We surveyed 842 undefluorided drinking water in endemic fluorosis villages and 1234 projects of improving drinking water in 1829 endemic fluorosis viflages.Water fluoride content was 0.01-7.10 mg/L in unimproved drinking water in endemic fluorosis resions,averaging(0.96±0.64)mg/L;29.2%(246/842)of the endemic fluorosis regions had a fluoride content more than 1.2 mg/L In 1234 projects of improving drinking water.drinking water fluoride content was between 0.06-7.67 mg/L.The project normally operated and having a fluoride content≤1.2 mg/L accounted for 68.31%(843/1234),while 31.69%(391/1234)of the projects did not function well.The prevalence of dental fluomsis in 8-12 years old child ren in endemic fluorosis regions was 24.4%(2960/12 127),the prevalence of clinical fluorosis among adults was 2.22%(1900/85 636).The prevalente of dental fluorosis in slight,moderate and serious fluorosis regions had remarkable statistics differences(X2＝19.25,P＜0.01).The prevalence of dental fluorosis of children in serious fluorosis regions was the highest,reaching 100%,while the prevalence of skeletal fluorosis wns 18.03%(97/538).The median of urinary fluoride was 2.01.2.00mg/L in serious and slight fluomsis regions,respectively.Conclusions Endemic fluorosis is still serious.so we need urgently to improve water in serious fluorosis regions without defluoridaton of drinking water.Endemic fluomsis resions where worn-out and closed defluoriding projects exist need defluoriding management.

OBJECTIVECapsaicin transfersomes were prepared and its quality specifications were evaluated.

METHODCapsaicin transfersomes were prepared by high shear dispersing machine and evaluated on the entrapment efficiency, drugs release rate and in vitro skin permeation.

RESULTCapsaicin transfersomes is composed of single unilamellar vesicles, with average size of 150.6 nm. Capsaicin entrapment efficiency achieved 96.7% while concentration of lecithin used was 8%. cumulative release amount of capsaicin was in direct proportion to the ethanol concentration in the medium. The in vitro rate cumulative penetration rate of capsaicin was higher in transfersomes than in cream and suspension in rats. Adomen skin cumulative penetration rate in vitro of capsaicin transfersomes in mouse was significantly higher than that from rat and men. In the same way,cumulative penetration rate in vitro of capsaicin transfersomes through abdomen skin epidermal membrance was significantly higher than that with derma and full skin in men.

CONCLUSIONEntrapment efficiency of capsaicin transfersomes reached 96.7%, meeting the criterion of China pharmacopia( > 80%), skin penetration of capsaicin was enhanced by a capsaicin transfersomes preparation and was affected by diverse characters and levels of skin.

Administration, Cutaneous ; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Animals ; Capsaicin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Delivery Systems ; methods ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Mice ; Particle Size ; Phosphatidylcholines ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Skin ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Skin Absorption ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo obtain the monoclonal antibody against hexon protein of human adenovirus.

METHODSBALB/c mice were immunized with purified recombinant hexon protein, and the spleen cells of the mice were isolated and fused with myloma cells. Four hybridoma cell strains were screened by indirect ELISA and cultured, and the sensitivity, specificity and virus neutralizing activity were analyzed with ELISA, Western blotting and neutralizing test.

RESULTSThe mouse ascites produced by these hybridoma cells contained specific monoclonal antibodies against hexon protein of human adenovirus as identified by ELISA and Western blot, and the antibody generated by 4C6 strain showed human adenovirus type 3-neutralizing activity.

CONCLUSIONThe monoclonal antibodies against hexon protein with high specificity have been successfully obtained, and these antibodies can be useful in developing assays for early diagnosis of HAdV3 infection and also in study of therapeutic drugs of the infection.

Adenoviruses, Human ; chemistry ; immunology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; biosynthesis ; immunology ; Antibodies, Viral ; biosynthesis ; immunology ; Blotting, Western ; Capsid Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; immunology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; Humans ; Hybridomas ; secretion ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; immunology

A fetal/maternal multi-parameter monitor is introduced here in the paper. It can monitor the vital signs of a fetus and his/her mother in a same screen synchronously. It is more useful in obstetric clinics. Its other functions include management of patient file, computer-assistant analyses.
Adult ; Automatic Data Processing ; instrumentation ; Electrocardiography, Ambulatory ; instrumentation ; Equipment Design ; Female ; Fetal Monitoring ; instrumentation ; Heart Rate, Fetal ; Humans ; Microcomputers ; Monitoring, Ambulatory ; instrumentation ; Pregnancy ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Software

AIMTo prepare capsaicin transfersomes and evaluate them in vitro and in vivo.

METHODSCapsaicin transfersomes were prepared by high shear dispersing machine and evaluated by entrapment efficiency, release rate, in vitro skin permeation and distribution in different tissues in vivo.

RESULTSCapsaicin transfersomes were composed of single unilamellar vesicles with an average diameter of 150.6 nm. Capsaicin entrapment efficiency increased distinctly with increasing of concentration of lecithin and entrapment efficiency is 96.7% while concentration of lecithin to 8%. Cumulative release amount of capsaicin is in direct proportion to the ethanol concentration in the receptor medium. In vitro capsaicin cumulative penetration amount showed higher levels in transfersomes than cream and suspension in rat abdominal skin. Abdominal skin cumulative penetration amount in vitro of capsaicin transfersomes in mouse was significantly higher than that from rat and men. In the same way, abdominal skin epidermal membrane cumulative penetration amount in vitro of capsaicin transfersomes was significantly higher than that from derma and full skin in human abdominal skin. The capsaicin tissue distribution of capsaicin injection by multiple celiac injections in rats is different: bone > plasma > skin > muscle. There is a similar result by multiple thigh topical application of capsaicin transfersomes: bone > skin > plasma > muscle.

CONCLUSIONEntrapment efficiency of capsaicin transfersomes reached the criterion of China Pharmacopoeia (> 80%) and capsaicin skin penetration can be increased by capsaicin transfersomes. It should be noted that the diverse characters and levels of skin may probably affect the permeating capability of capsaicin. Capsaicin tissue distribution in bone and muscle is similar and is different in plasma and skin by multiple injections and topical skin apply.

Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Capsaicin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Humans ; Lecithins ; chemistry ; Male ; Mice ; Particle Size ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Skin Absorption ; Sodium Cholate ; chemistry ; Tissue Distribution

BACKGROUNDNeural respiratory drive is usually measured during inspiration, even in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in whom the primary physiological deficit is expiratory flow limitation. The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that inspiratory muscle neural respiratory drive could be used to assess expiratory load.

METHODSTen healthy young men, (26 ± 4) years old, were asked to expire through a tube immersed in water where an expiratory load was required. The load was judged by the depth of the tube in water and the different loads (0 cmH2O, 10 cmH2O, 20 cmH2O and 30 cmH2O) were randomly introduced. Each expiratory load lasted for 3 - 5 minutes and inspiration was unimpeded throughout. Diaphragm electromyogram (EMG) and transdiaphragmatic pressure were recorded by a catheter with 10 metal coils and two balloons. Incremental cycle exercise with and without an expiratory load at 30 cmH2O was also performed.

RESULTSNeural drive during expiratory loaded breathing was larger than during unloaded breathing but neural drive did not increase proportionally with increasing expiratory load; neural drive during expiratory loading at 0, 10, 20 and 30 cmH2O was (10.1 ± 3.1) µV, (16.7 ± 7.3) µV, (18.4 ± 10.7) µV and (22.9 ± 13.2) µV, respectively. Neural drive as a percentage of maximum at the end of exercise with or without load was similar ((57.4 ± 11.0)% max vs. (62.7 ± 16.4)% max, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONNeural respiratory drive measured at inspiration does not accurately quantify expiratory load either at rest or during exercise.

Adult ; Electromyography ; Exercise ; Humans ; Lung Volume Measurements ; Male ; Respiration ; Respiratory Muscles ; innervation ; Tidal Volume