The difference between absorption of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) after oral and oral cavity administration were studied respectively, and the compatible enhancer for oral cavity delivery system of both drugs was found. The LMWH and UFH films were prepared with two bioadhesive materials Carbopol and alginate sodium for oral cavity delivery. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was used to determine LMWH and UFH in plasma after oral, oral cavity and sc administration in rats. The results show that the enhancer (Labrasol) can increase the absorption of LMWH and UFH through oral cavity in rats but not obviously. The oral cavity iontophoretic delivery system is a useful method to improve the absorption of LMWH and UFH through oral cavity mucosa.
Absorption ; Acrylic Resins ; Administration, Oral ; Alginates ; chemistry ; Animals ; Anticoagulants ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Glucuronic Acid ; chemistry ; Glycerides ; Heparin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Hexuronic Acids ; chemistry ; Injections, Intradermal ; Iontophoresis ; Male ; Mouth ; Organic Chemicals ; pharmacology ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Polyvinyls ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective To explore the safety of total thyroidectomy surgery on patients with thyroid carcinoma. Methods From Jan 1986 to Dee 2006, clinical data of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy (total thyroidectomy group) and sub-total or near-total thyroidectomy surgery (control group) for thyroid carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed to identify the incidences of complications, recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (RNLP) and secondary hypoparathyroidism in the two groups. Results In the control group there were 433 thyroid carcinoma patients who underwent sub-total or near-total thyroidectomy. Transient unilateral RLNP(13 eases), permanent unilateral RLNP(5 eases), transient hypoparathyroidism (11 cases) was diagnosed. There was no permanent hypoparathyroidism in this group. In the 70 cases of thyroid carcinoma patients receiving total thyroidectomy, there were 4 eases suffering from transient unilateral RLNP, one case from permanent unilateral RLNP (P > 0.05), and there were 7 eases from transient hopyparathyroidim (P < 0.01), 2 eases from permanent hypoparathyroidism (P < 0.05). Conclusion The incidence of RLNP after total thyroidectomy was not higher than that after subtotal or near-total thyroideetomy. Postoperative hypocalcaemia was the most common postoperative complication of total thyroidectomy. It is our belief that total thyroidectomy should be performed in selected patients.

Objective To survey and analyze characteristics of brucellosis epidemic in Weinan city of Shaanxi province for the purpose of setting up prevention and control measures for the disease. Methods According to "The Executing Plan for the Work of Surveying Brucellosis Disease in Shaanxi Province", 35 villages(towns) of designated monitoring locations and 24 villages (towns) of randomized monitoring locations in five countries of Weinan were chosen to survey brucellosis disease. The five countries were Chengcheng, Dali, Heyang, Tongguan and Hancheng. High risk populations with a history of contacting livestock and livestock products aged between 7 and 60 underwent clinical and serology examination[rose bengal plate agglutination test(RBPT) and standard tube agglutination test(SAT)]. All manipulation methods and judging standards were in accord with the "Diagnostic Standard for Brucellosis" (WS 269-2007). Results In the designated monitoring location, a total of 8664 people at high risk were investigated, among whom 1407 people were tested by RBPT test and 27 people were positive,the positive rate was 1.92%(27/1407); 27 people were tested by SAT test and 27 people were positive, the positive rate was 100% (27/27); 25 people were diagnosed and the diagnosis rate was 92.59%(25/27). In the randomized monitoring location, a total of 3464 people at high risk were investigated, among whom 411 people were tested by RBPT test and 3 people were positive, the positive rate was 0.73%(3/411 ), 3 people were tested by SAT test which were all positive and made a definite diagnosis. Twenty-eight new cases were made a definite diagnosis and its incidence was 2.06 in a hundred thousand(28/1 361 618). Conclusions The infection of human brucellosis in Weinan city stays at higher level. The governments should increase input for the monitoring,investigating and disinfecting to prevent the disease from increasing and outspreading.

Objective: To observe the clinical effect of acupoint sticking therapy with Mian Tan Gao (facial paralysis paste) plus electroacupuncture (EA) for treating peripheral facial paralysis and its influence on patients' facial nerve functions, facial disability index and clinical symptoms and signs. Methods: A total of 96 peripheral facial paralysis patients were allocated into an observation group, a medicine group and an EA group by simple randomization, with 32 cases in each group. Patients in the medicine group were treated with oral mecobalamine and prednisone acetate; patients in the EA group were treated with EA on the basis of the medicine treatment; while patients in the observation group were treated with acupoint sticking therapy with Mian Tan Gao (facial paralysis paste) plus EA. After 4-week treatment, the clinical efficacy, the adverse events, and the scores of House-Brackmann (H-B) facial nerve function grading scale, visual analog scale (VAS), clinical symptoms and signs, and facial disability index (FDI) were compared. Results: After 4-week treatment, the total effective rate was 96.9％ in the observation group, higher than 68.7％ in the medicine group and 75.0％ in the EA group (both P<0.05). After 4-week treatment, the scores of H-B grading scale, VAS and clinical symptoms and signs in the three groups dropped significantly compared with those before treatment, and the scores in the observation group were lower than those in the medicine group and EA group (all P<0.05). After 4-week treatment, the facial disability index-physical function (FDIP) in the FDI in the three groups increased significantly, with a higher value in the observation group compared with that in the medicine group and EA group (both P<0.05). The facial disability index-social function (FDIS) in the FDI dropped significantly, with a lower score in the observation group compared with that in the medicine group and EA group (both P<0.05). However, the comparisons of the items above between the medicine group and the EA group showed no statistical significance (all P>0.05). The between-group comparison of the adverse event across the three groups showed no statistical significance (P>0.05). Conclusion: Acupoint sticking therapy with Mian Tan Gao (facial paralysis paste) plus EA can decrease H-B grade, reduce pain severity and improve clinical symptoms and signs as well as the facial disability condition in peripheral facial paralysis patients. This method produced more significant efficacy compared with oral medicine and medicine plus EA.

Objective Development and application of a real time fluorescent quantitative PCR (FQ-PCR) assay for detecting WU polyomavirus in children with low respiratory tract infections.Methods The VP2 gene of WU polyomavirus was selected as the detection target,from which the real time primers and probes were designed.The standard curve was established by using recombinant plasmid as template.And the FQ-PCR assay for specific detection of WU polyomavirus was established.The speciflcity,sensitivity and reproducibility of the method were evaluated. Furthermore,the clinical specimens from children with respiratory tract infections collected in Wenling First People's Hospital were quantitatively detected using this method.Results In this study,the FQ-PCR method was established to detect a specific fragment in VP2gene of WU polyomavirus.The standard curve coefficient R2 was 0.998.And this method can detect as low as 50 copies recombinant plasmid.The clinical specimens of sputum and throat swab from children with respiratory tract infections were quantitatively detected using this method.7 sputum specimens were detected as WU polyomavirus positive in 700 sputum specimens,the positive ratio was 1.00％.No positive specimens were detected in 146 specimens of throat swabs and 846 blood samples from same patient population.Conclusion .The results indicated that the FQ-PCR assay method established in this study was specific,rapid and sensitive for detecting WU polyomavirus in children with lower respiratory tract infections.The sputum specimen is more suitable to be used for gene detection of WU polyomavirus than throat swab or blood.

OBJECTIVETo study the characteristics of the virology background of HLA-A2 restricted HBcAg(18-27) epitope mutations in HBV infected patients in China.

METHOD30 HBV sequences with different genotypes from Genbank were analyzed by bioinformatics and the mismatched primers were designed for constructing a PCR-RFLP method to screen HBcAg(18-27)V/I in China. The distributions of HBcAg(18-27)V/I of 160 samples with HBV genotype B/C infection from 8 areas in China were screened and analyzed by PCR-RFLP and sequencing. The affinity of HBcAg(18-27)V/I to HLA-A0201 was analyzed through referencing the bioinformatics websites.

RESULTSWe successfully constructed a PCR-RFLP method for screening HBcAg(18-27)V/I from genotype B/C, and only 3 samples with HBcAg(18-27)V sequence were found in the 160 samples (3/160, 1.88%). The affinity of HBcAg(18-27)I to HLA-A 0201 was lower than the one of HBcAg(18-27)V through bioinformatic analysis (HLA ligand score was 123 vs 156, and the SYFPEITHI score was 22 vs 24).

CONCLUSIONThe last amino acid of most HBcAg(18-27) sequences of epidemic HBV strains in China is isoleucine, and not valine. Therefore HBcAg(18-27) sequence background in different HBV genotypes should be thoroughly considered when using it as a reference or control in immunological research about HBV.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Computational Biology ; DNA, Viral ; genetics ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte ; immunology ; Female ; Genotype ; HLA-A Antigens ; immunology ; Hepatitis B Core Antigens ; genetics ; immunology ; Hepatitis B virus ; classification ; immunology ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; epidemiology ; immunology ; virology ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo establish a whole-body visualization model of breast cancer with high hepatic metastatic potential in nude mice and observe the development and metastasis of breast cancer by real-time imaging.

METHODSpEGFP-N1 plasmid was transfected into human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 to obtain pEGFP-MDA-MB-231 cells that emitted fluorescence. pEGFP-MDA-MB-231 cells were inoculated orthotopically in BALB/C nude mice and cultured in vivo through serial passage, thereby establishing the mouse model bearing tumors with high hepatic metastasis potential. The fluorescence emitted from the tumors was quantitatively detected and imaged with a fluorescence stereo microscope for real-time visualization of the tumor growth and metastasis.

RESULTSThe transfected breast cancer cells stably and efficiently expressed EGFP. After inoculation of the transfected cells in nude mice, 20% of the first-generation cells showed hepatic metastasis, and the rate increased to 80% among the second-generation and up to 100% among the third-generation cells. The reliability of this visualization model was validated with conventional pathological methods.

CONCLUSIONThe whole-body visualization model bearing breast cancer with high hepatic metastasis potential provides a reliable means for studying the mechanisms of hepatic tumor metastasis, and can be instrumental in the exploration of novel means for breast cancer treatment.

Animals ; Breast Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; secondary ; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Transplantation, Heterologous

OBJECTTo investigate the therapeutic effect of microencapsulated porcine retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE-M) transplantation on rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD).

METHODSPrimary porcine RPE cells were harvested by enzyme digestion and expanded in culture medium. Determine the levels of dopamine (DA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) by high performance liquid chromatography electrochemical (HPLC) assay, and the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were detected by ELISA. Alginate-polylysine-alginate (APA) microencapsulated cells were produced by using a high voltage electrostatic system. PD rat model was established by unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). After that, the RPE-M was transplanted into the corpus striatum of PD rat, and then the rotation test scores were recorded and biochemical changes of the corpus striatum were tested.

RESULTSThe levels of DA, HVA, BDNF and GDNF secreted by RPE were stable in the RPE culture supernatant and were not changed by the microencapsulation. Eighty-three percent rats developed PD by unilateral lesion of 6-OHDA in the MFB. The RPE-M transplantation had therapeutic effect on 33% PD rats.

CONCLUSIONPorcine RPE cells grow actively in vitro and could secrete DA, HVA, BDNF, and GDNF constantly, which does not be affected by the passage culture and the APA miroencapsulation. RPE-M transplantation of may be a curative therapy for PD.

Adrenergic Agents ; toxicity ; Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; metabolism ; Cell Transplantation ; methods ; Cells, Cultured ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dopamine ; metabolism ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Epithelial Cells ; metabolism ; transplantation ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; metabolism ; Male ; Oxidopamine ; toxicity ; Parkinson Disease ; etiology ; surgery ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Retina ; cytology ; Swine ; anatomy & histology ; Time Factors ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; methods ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression of survivin and COX-2 in giant cell tumor of bone (GCT) and explore the prognostic factors for GCT.

METHODSThe expressions of survivin and COX-2 in 39 GCT tissues of three Jaffe grades and 4 normal bone tissues were detected by immunohistochemical staining, and the data were analyzed in relation to the clinicopathological features of the patients.

RESULTSThe expressions of survivin and COX-2 were significantly higher in the GCT tissues than in normal bone tissues (P<0.01). A positive correlation was found between survivin and COX-2 expressions and the pathological grade (P<0.01), but their expressions were not correlated to the patients' gender, age or surgical approaches (P>0.05). An obviously lowered recurrence rate was observed in patients with resection of the bone segment compromised by the tumor and subsequent bone grafting. Survivin and COX-2 were not independent risk factors of the prognosis of GCT.

CONCLUSIONSurvivin and COX-2 expressions may participate in the pathogenesis and development of GCT, but is not indicative of the prognosis.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Bone Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Female ; Giant Cell Tumor of Bone ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ; Male ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Young Adult

This paper introduced an experimental study of the preparation of polylacticacid (PLA) nanoparticles of cucurbitacin (CuC) using a precipitation method. The residual acetone, ratio of CuC PLA precipitates, and the relationships between the ratios of two precipitates and drug incorporation rates were measured. It appeared that the nanoparticles with 60% of PLA incorporated with 5.5% of CuC were formed when acetone was injected into the aqueous phase. As the acetone gradually evaporated, drug incorporation/encapsulation continued, with most of CuC (about 70%) formed new crystalline cores and suspended in the form of microcrystals in the medium, resulting a suspension containing both nanoparticles and microcrystals. We also concluded that this system may not necessarily be suitable for all lipophilic drugs to be prepared to PLA nanoparticles with good incorporation rate. The drug incorporation depended on the interactions among drug, PLA, and organic solvents, in addition to the solubility of the drug.
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; administration & dosage ; Chemical Precipitation ; Cucurbitaceae ; chemistry ; Cucurbitacins ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Drug Compounding ; methods ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Lactic Acid ; Microspheres ; Nanotechnology ; Particle Size ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Polyesters ; Polymers ; Triterpenes ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification