0.05).The required dose of LT4 during the second and third trimester was respectively,remarkably increased compared to pre-gestational period (P

Objective To find out about the development of nongovernmental medical services in China as well as the appraisals of such services by various quarters so as to provide basis for the formulation of policies for their management and development. Methods Cross-sectional studies were made in the provinces of Guangdong, Shanxi and Sichuan. By means of questionnaires and interviews, appraisals of nongovernmental medical services by residents, physicians, managers of medical institutions, investors of nongovernmental medical institutions and managers from the administrative departments of health were collected and differences in the appraisals made by people representing various interest groups were analyzed. Results Over 30% of the residents make use of nongovernmental medical services and appraisals of them surpass those of public medical services. Nongovernmental medical institutions have both advantages and disadvantages, with unfair social treatment being the major obstacle to their development. Conclusion Since nongovernmental medical services have already taken an important position in the setup of medical services of China, efforts should be made to coordinate relevant policies so as to bring their role into greater play.

Contemporary management ideas and social movements have impelled governments and service providers to value healthcare consumers' opinions and experiences. Patient satisfaction surveys have been used as a routine tool to measure a hospital's service quality from the patient's angle and patients' fidelity towards service providers. Quality improvement measures and service development strategies are consequently formulated. However, there still exist many problems in the research on and use of satisfaction surveys as a measurement tool, including lack of strategies for scientific tool selection and development, lack of standardization and analysis benchmarking, emphasis on nursing service at the expense of a hospital's overall service quality, lack of psychological surveying and research on applicability and practicability, artificially introduced bias factors in conducting the surveys, oversimplified presentation of survey results, and limited use of information, It is suggested that guidelines for tool selection and development be formulated, regional or nationwide benchmarking be established, plan designs in conducting the surveys be perfected, presentation of survey results be improved, and rational use of information be promoted.

Objective To establish immortalized neural progenitor cell strain and provide stable cell resource for cell-transplantation and gene therapies. Methods Plasmid pCMVSV40T/PUR containing the simian virus 40 large T antigen gene (SV40Tag) were transfected into the primary cultured neural progenitor cells (NPCs) of newborn rat using lipofectin transfection method. Colonies were isolated by puromycin selection and expanded by many passages. Anti-nestin antibodies were used to identify the cultured cells. The specific molecular marker of neurons and astrocytes were detected using immunocytochemistry method to investigate the capability of differentiation of the transfected cells. The expression of SV40Tag in expanded cell lines was identified by RT-PCR, Southern blot and immunocytochemistry method.Results One anti-puromycin cell clone was obtained, which was microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) positive cells with the capability of proliferation and could differentiate into MAP-2 or glial fibrillary acidic protein positive cells. The existence of SV40Tag cDNA and the expression of mRNA and protein of SV40Tag were confirmed in transfected cells. The transfected cells were expanded to immortalized cell strain maintained for more than 50 passages, named as immortalized neural progenitor cell (INPC) . INPCs were elliptical or triangular cells with two or three short axons. The population doubling time of INPC was (22.9?2.7)h, subculture, freezing and recovering had no effect on cellular shape and proliferation of INPC. Conclusion Immortalized neural progenitor cell strain was established successfully. It may provide stable cell resource for the basic researches and cell-transplantation therapies with NPC.

Objective To evaluate the expression and distribution of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in term placentas of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods Placental samples were collected from 36 normal full-term singleton pregnant women (control group) and 33 full-term singleton pregnant women with GDM who had elective cesarean section in Peking University First Hospital between November 2014 and June 2015. Immunohistochemical assay was used to detect the expression and distribution of TLR4 in placental tissues. T test was used to compare the expression of TLR4 in various cell types of placenta by semi-quantitative analysis. Results (1) TLR4 was expressed in the cell membrane, cytoplasm or nuclei of trophoblast, decidual cells, vascular endothelial cells and amniotic epithelial cells of term placentas. (2) Compared with the control group, the expression of TLR4 was significantly enhanced in trophoblast and decidual cells of GDM women (0.38±0.01 vs 0.31±0.01, 0.39±0.01 vs 0.34±0.01, t=5.218 and 4.525, all P<0.01). Moreover, the change of TLR4 average optical density was most significant in trophoblast. (3) There was no difference in the expression of TLR4 in vascular endothelial cells and amniotic epithelial cells in term placentas of GDM women compared with the control group (all P>0.05). Conclusions The expression of TLR4 is different in various cell types of GDM term placentas.

To construct an immortalized rat astrocyte strain genetically modified by rat preprogalanin gene (IAST/GAL) and detect its galanin (GAL) expression and secretion, a cDNA fragment of rat GAL in plasmid of pBS KS(+)-GAL was inserted into eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1 (+) by DNA recombinant technology, then the restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing were carried out to evaluate the recombinant. The pcDNA3.1 (+)-GAL and pcDNA3.1 (+) construct were transfected into immortalized rat astrocyte strain (IAST) by lipofectamine and the population of cells which stably integrated the construct was selected with 600 microg/mL G418. Individual clones were screened and expanded into clonal cell strains. Detection of Neo gene was used to validate the success of the transfection. Immunocytochemical staining, RT-PCR and radioimmunoassay were used to detect the expression and secretion level of GAL. The recombinant had been successfully constructed by restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing. Detection of Neo gene showed that the pcDNA3.1 (+)-GAL and pcDNA3.1 (+) have been successfully transfected into IAST. After selection by using G418, IAST/GAL and IAST/Neo cell strains were obtained. IAST/GAL, IAST/Neo and IAST were immunostained positively for GAL, but the GAL average optical density of IAST/GAL was significantly higher than that of IAST/Neo and IAST (P< 0.01). The level of GAL mRNA expression and the supernatant concentration of GAL in cultured IAST/GAL were significantly higher than those of IAST and IAST/Neo (P<0.01), but no significant differences were found between the IAST and IAST/Neo (P>0.05). It was concluded that IAST/GAL strain was constructed successfully and it might provide a basis for the further study of pain therapy.
Astrocytes/cytology ; Astrocytes/*metabolism ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cells, Cultured ; Galanin/*biosynthesis ; Galanin/genetics ; Genetic Vectors ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics ; Transfection

Objective To investigate the osteoclast′s function levels in infants and toddlers and the relationship between the osteoclast function and sex,age,body length,body weight and body mass index(BMI).Methods Sixty-eight children(37 boys and 31 girls,aged from 1 to 36 months) were studied.All of the children were in good health.These children were divided as infants group and toddlers group according to their age.Just before the samples were collected,the children′s body weight,body length were measured and the BMI were calculated.Two biochemical markers,such as serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b(TRAP5b) and urine deoxypyridinoline(DPD) were measured.Results The difference of serum TRAP5b concentration between infants and toddlers was significant at the level of P

Objective To analyze the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of epidemic encephalitis B in Yuneheng area of Shanxi Province in 2006.Methods Seventy-nine cases diagnosed with epidemic encephalitis B were enrolled in this study and correlated data,epidemic and clinical characteristics,laboratory examinations and treatment outcome were analyzed.Results Sixty-two of 79 patients(78.5%)were middle-aged or old people,all cases(100%)occurred in July,August and September,69 cases(87.3%)were peasants.All patients(100%)had fever,73(92.4%)had conscious disturbance,27(34.2%)had respiratory failure.Encephalitis B specific IgM antibody was examined and 40 cases(85.1%)were positive.Twenty cases(25.3%)had complications.When they were discharged,37 cases(46.8%)recovered completely,14 cases(17.7%)died,12 were improved and 16 were voluntarily discharged,7 cases(8.9%)left more or less neurological deficits. Conclusion The epidemiology and clinical characteristics are important basis to diagnose epidemic encephalitis B.

An angular speed, acceleration and tangential leakage of a synchronal rotary compressor in which both bladed rotor and a cylinder are discussed. The calculation formulae of revolving speed of cylinder and relative speed between the cylinder and bladed rotor are deduced detailedly in this paper. The variation of tangential speed and cylinder acceleration with angular position is investigated for a complete cycle. And some key parameters affected the relative speed are found out, viz, the relative speed depends on the radius of the cylinder and rotary speed of the axis, and the ratio of the cylinder to bladed rotor has not too much influence. It is the theoretic basis of designing and optimizing of structure characteristic of a synchronal rotary compressor. Also a computing formula of leakage related with rotary speed is deduced. It could supply

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Bloodletting ; Female ; Headache ; therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Young Adult