Objective To develop the ribavirin purity certified reference material( CRM ) which has measurement traceability and high accuracy,and establish an effective method of evaluation. Methods The homogeneity and the stability were checked by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)and DSC methods were used for purity determination of ribavirin. Results Ribavirin showed satisfactory homogeneity and stability. The certified value of ribavirin was 99. 5%with an uncertainty of 0. 4%(k=2,P=0. 95). Conclusion Ribavirin purity CRM obtained in this paper has been proven to be a national primary CRM with high accuracy and traceability,which can be used to validate analytical methods,improve the accuracy of measurement data,establish meteorological traceability of analytical results as well as control the quality of ribavirin in the pharmaceutical industry.

Objective: To observe the efficacy of stereotactic radiotherapy combined with gemzar for treatment of unresectable pancreatic cancer.Methods: Gemzar at dose of 1000mg/m 2,28 days per cycle,drug was given at 1,8,15 days,for two cycles.After 24 hours all patients were treated with stereotactic radiotherapy.Per fraction was 5～7G Y,three times per week.The total dose was 40～48G Y.Results: 13 patients were followed up for one year,symptoms were reduced and median survival was 12 months.Conclusion: Stereotactic radiotherapy combined with gemzar has important valves for unresectabal pancreatic cancer.

Objective To analyze the clinical features of takayasu's arteritis in elderly patients for improving their general management.Methods Twenty-six patients,aged over 60 years,with takayasu's arteritis were enrolled.The clinical manifestations and medical records were collected in detail and analyzed retrospectively.Results The mean age of the patients in our study was 64.0±3.8 years,four males and twenty-two females.Of all patients,nine were accompanied by coronary heart disease,seven by primary hypertension,four by diabetes mellitus,two by arrhythmia and one by subacute infective endocarditis.The frequent clinical manifestations were hypertension (n = 21,81%),dizzy (n=12.46%),chest pain (n=9,35%),pulselessness or weak pulse (n=7,27%).The clinical classification of this group showed brachiocephalic artery type (n = 8,30%),abdominal aorta type (n=4,15%),extensive type (n=11,58%) and pulmonary artery type (n=3,12%).Ten patients had elevated ESR level,six had elevated CRP level and fourteen had elevated ASO level.Two patients with diabetes mellitus died of serious complications.Conclusions Takayasu's arteritis in the elderly is usually accompanied by other cardiovascular diseases and risk factors.It is important to enhance the comprehensive treatment of these patients.

Obesity is an established risk factor for endometrial cancer. Leptin, a secreted protein of the ob gene by white adipose tissue, plays an important role in the regulation of food intake and energy consumption in the brain and acts as a potential growth stimulator in normal and neoplastic cancer cells. However, a direct role for leptin in endometrial cancer has not been demonstrated. In the present study, the effect of leptin on the proliferation of Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells was investigated as well as the possible mechanism(s) underlying this action in endometrial cancers which express both short and long isoforms of leptin receptors. The expression of leptin receptor (ObRb) in Ishikawa cells was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The cells after serum starvation, were treated by leptin with various concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100, 150 ng/mL) for different durations (6, 12, 24 h). The effect of leptin treatment on cell proliferation was examined by MTT assay. Meanwhile, inhibitory effect of Janus tyrosine kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibitor AG490 or extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) inhibitor PD98059 on the proliferation of Ishikawa cells induced by leptin was also studied. Ishikawa cells were treated with 100 ng/mL leptin for various periods (0, 20, 40, 60 min), and the levels of STAT3 phosphorylation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were examined by Western blotting. The results showed that leptin induced the phosphorylation of STAT3 and the activation of ERK1/2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner in the Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells. Blocking STAT3 phosphorylation with the inhibitor AG490, or blocking ERK1/2 activation by the specific ERK1/2 kinase inhibitor, PD98059, abolished leptin-induced proliferation of Ishikawa cells. In addition, leptin was found to potently induce the invasion of endometrial cancer cells in a Matrigel invasion assay. Leptin-stimulated invasion was effectively blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of STAT3 (AG490) and ERK1/2 kinase (PD98059). These results suggested that leptin promotes endometrial cancer growth and invasiveness by activating STAT3 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and therefore blocking its action at the receptor level can be a rational therapeutic strategy.

Pharmaceutical preparations, particularly as a "secret recipe" of traditional Chinese medicine in medical institutions, are the product of China's medical and health industry, and they are also an important means of competing of different medical institutions. Although pharmaceutical preparations have advantages and characteristics than institutes for drug and pharmaceutical companies, the quality standards of pharmaceutical preparations in medical institutions has not reached the desired level over the years. As we all know, the quality of pharmaceutical preparations is important to ensure the efficacy, especially under the environment of people pay more sttention on drug safety and effectiveness and contry increase emphasis on the stste of pharmaceutical preparations. In view of this, we will improve the grade, stability, and clinical efficacy of pharmaceutical preparations by the advanced equipment, testing instruments and the process dynamic quality control technology. Finally, we hope we can provide new ideas for the quality control of pharmaceutical preparations.
Drug Compounding ; standards ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards ; Quality Control

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of Oncomelania hupensis hupensis of niclosamide, and exploring the main influencing factors.

METHODSThe samples of Oncomelania hupensis hupensis were collected from 37 sampling sites in 33 counties of 10 provinces by means of stratified random sampling methods in accordance with the categories of Oncomelania hupensis hupensis habitats. Samples were randomly located into study group and control group. Oncomelania hupensis hupensis of the study group was marinated in different concentration liquor of niclosamide which was confected with water for 24 hours or 48 hours, then LC50 of niclosamide by which Oncomelania hupensis hupensis was killed and amount calculated. The influencing factors of the mortality of Oncomelania hupensis hupensis in the study group was statistically analyzed by 2 test and by multiple logistic regression using SPSS 13.0 statistical software.

RESULTSThe mortality of Oncomelania hupensis hupensis of the two test groups which were marinated in 0.5 mg/L liquor for 48 hours and 1.0 mg/L liquor for 24 hours was 100%. The effect of Oncomelania hupensis hupensis killed by niclosamide was markedly reduced along with the reduction of drug concentration. The average LC50 rates of niclosamide liquor by which Oncomelania hupensis hupensis killed for the 24 hours and 48 hours in the study group, were 0.0939 mg/L and 0.0625 mg/L, respectively. There was significant difference between the two test groups (chi(2) = 5.001, P <0.01) . In determinate range of concentration, the mortality of Oncomelania hupensis hupensis showed significant difference among the geographic types of habitat ( chi(2) = 4.264, P < 0.05). By means of multiple logistic regression using SPSS 13.0 statistical software, the estimate value of coefficient of regression on the influence factors, drug concentration, test time and the geographic types of habitat were 2. 047 ( OR = 5. 573), 0.263 ( OR = 2.924) and 0. 187- 0.210 ( OR = 1.969- 2. 560), respectively.

CONCLUSIONNiclosamide could kill Oncomelania hupensis hupensis effectively. The main influencing factors on the efficacy of niclosamide by which Oncomelania hupensis hupensis was killed, appeared to be drug concentration, time of testing and the geographic types of habitat.

The rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, has two generations in southern Zhejiang, China. To determine oogenesis in first-generation females (summer females) and its relations to temperature, females were collected from a rice field in early and mid-July and reared on young rice plants at 28, 31 and 34 degrees C in the laboratory. Percentage of females having oocytes, number of oocytes of different stages (stage-I, from early previtellogenesis to middle vitellogenesis; stage-II, late vitellogenesis; and mature-oocyte stage), and length of ovarioles were determined every 10 d of feeding. At each temperature, oogenesis took place in over 40% of females after 20~40 d of feeding, but only 0.0~3.3 stage-I, 0.0~0.8 stage-II and 0.0~1.1 mature oocytes were observed at each observation date. Temperature had significant effect on number of stage-I oocytes but not on number of stage-II and mature oocytes in early July females; temperature had no significant effect on number of oocytes of either stage in mid-July females. Conclusively, in southern Zhejiang, summer L. oryzophilus females have great potential to become reproductive on rice, but their oogenesis activity is very low, with the overall procedures little affected by temperature.
Animals ; China ; Female ; Oogenesis ; Oryza ; parasitology ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Weevils ; genetics ; pathogenicity

To establish an in situ single-way intestinal perfusion model, in order to study the intestinal absorption kinetics of AP. The concentration of AP in the perfusate was determined by HLPC. The results showed different AP concentrations in all intestinal segments, with the fastest absorption rate in duodenum, which was followed by jejunum, ileum and colon. In general, the constant absorption rate (Ka) of AP in duodenum and jejunum first increased and then decreased with the rise in drug concentration (P <0. 05); the absorption mechanism may be related to active transport and facilitated diffusion factors. The constant absorption rate (Ka) of AP in ileum and colon generally kept unchanged with the rise diffusion in drug concentration, the absorption mechanism may be related to passive.
Animals ; Apigenin ; metabolism ; Intestinal Absorption ; physiology ; Male ; Rats

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the aquaporin-4(AQP4) expression in the ischemic penumbra tissues.Methods Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups randomly, including control group(n=6) and occluded groups(n=30). The occluded groups were studied after the right middle cerebral artery of the rats unilaterally occluded(MCAO) at an interval of 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h and 24 h, respectively(n=5 for each group). The operation process of the control group was the same as the occluded group except occluded MCAO. Then all rats were imaged with T_1WI, T_2WI and diffusion weighted-imaging(DWI). The brain tissue, according to the method by LIU Meili reported, was regarded as the area of the graphic penumbra. The relative apparent diffusion coefficient of the graphic-penumbra (rADC_1) and the center infarction(rADC_2)(ratios between the values of the occluded side and the opposite side) were calculated. The animals were sacrificed and perfused with the mixture solution consisting of TTC at different time intervals. The graphic-penumbra of the biggest layer of the ischemic cerebral tissue which corresponded to the DWI was examined with immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Meanwhile, histologic examination was performed at same site of the lesion. Results There were no significant changes on MRI, the relative apparent diffusion coefficient and the expression of the AQP4. The abnormal high intensity was found on DWI at 15 min after MCAO. T_2WI detected the lesion at 1 h after MCAO. The value of the rADC_1 decreased within 24 h after MCAO in ischemic penumbra, especially, it descended quickly within 1 h after MCAO, from(70.4?6.9)% at 15 min to(53.5?10.9)% at 1 h. Whereas, in the infarct tissue, the changes of the rADC_2 had a rule of decrease from(71.5?6.6)% at 15 min to(45.7?10.5)% at 3 h at first time, and then follow an increasing up to(78.7?11.5)% at 24 h after MCAO. The expression of AQP4 increased gradually within 24 h after MCAO, from 0.42?0.05 at 15 min to 1.18?0.12 at 24 h, it showed negative relationship with the rADC_1 in the ischemic penumbra (r= -0.966,P